扒车喵近期，在中美贸易摩擦的大背景下，美方对中国发展中国家的身份各种无理指责，关于中国是否是发达国家，在海外问答网站Quora上热议不断，有网友问道：为什么中国不是发达国家？一位来自英国的经济学家认为这是美国为了自身经济利益精心设计的圈套，专门撰文回答了他的问题。
问题：中国是发达国家吗？
经济学家维克拉姆•阿提亚•本迪
As we all know, China is the second largest economy in the world, and its total economy is second only to the United States. This is an indisputable fact, but it does not mean that high economic aggregate and developed degree can be equated. China has a population of 1.4 billion, and there is still a big gap between China and the typical developed countries in the world. Therefore, it is an objective fact that we are still a developing country.
众所周知，中国是世界第二大经济体，其经济总量仅次于美国。这是一个不争的事实，但这并不意味着经济总量高和发达程度就可以划等号。中国有14亿人口,中国与世界上典型的发达国家还有很大差距,所以中国还是一个发展中国家是个客观事实。
But the United States does not think so. Americans think your total GDP will catch up with us soon and grow rapidly every year. It’s only a matter of time to surpass us. At this time, although it can not stop you, it will also add some obstacles or troubles to you, constantly create Sino US trade frictions and force China to become a “developed country”.
但美国并不这么认为。美国人认为你们的GDP总量很快就会赶上我们，而且每年都会快速增长，超越我们美国只是时间问题。在这个时候，它虽然不能阻止你，但它也会给你增加一些障碍或麻烦，不断地制造贸易摩擦，逼迫中国成为“发达国家”。
海运物流
Because China has a large trade surplus with the United States, trump often “calls for injustice” on the Internet. He is particularly dissatisfied with the fact that many countries, including China, have won the status of developing countries. He believes that “the United States suffers losses” and obviously intends to suppress China. “China is very powerful. China is a developed country. If China is called a developing country, we are all developing countries,” trump said in an interview with the media.
由于中国对美国有着较大的贸易顺差，白宫官员还经常在互联网上“呼吁不公正”，他特别不满意包括中国在内的许多国家获得发展中国家地位，认为“美国吃亏”，意欲压制中国的图谋昭然若揭。”中国非常强大，中国是发达国家，如果中国被称为发展中国家，那么我们都是发展中国国家。”美国总统接受媒体采访时如此说道。
The well-known US financial investment website (Investopedia) and the Bank of Montreal (BMO) of Canada recently proposed a set of generally recognized “access indicators” for developed countries.
美国知名金融投资网站（INVESTOPEDIA）和加拿大蒙特利尔银行（BMO）日前提出一套得到普遍认同的发达国家“准入指标”。
First, the GDP per capita should be at least US $12000 (or US $25000 per capita if it is a small country with a small population). For fairness, it can be calculated according to purchasing power parity (PPP).
首先，人均GDP总值至少达到12000美元（如果是人口小国则应相应提高至人均25000美元，为公平起见可按购买力平价（PPP）计算。
Secondly, the human development index (HDI) is not lower than 0.80. We should know that the HDI index of old developed countries is generally above 0.85 or even 0.90.
其次，人类发展指数（HDI）不低于0.80，要知道老牌发达国家HDI指数普遍在0.85甚至0.90以上。
Third, high industrialization; The average life expectancy above 70 or even 80 years old is far lower than the infant mortality rate of 10 per 1000 live births; Higher female employment and the proportion of women in senior positions; Enjoy energy consumption and energy consumption varieties far higher than the global average; Have a high level of personal debt.
第三，高度工业化；高于70甚至达到80岁的人均寿命，远低于千分之十的活产婴儿死亡率；较高的女性就业和女性担任高级职务比例；享有远高于全球平均水平的能耗和能源消耗品种；拥有较高的个人负债水平。
The WTO does not have its own quantitative criteria for whether a country is a developing country, but it clearly points out that developed countries should provide preferential transition periods to developing countries. When China joined the WTO in 2001, its per capita GDP was less than US $1000, which undoubtedly belongs to a developing country. However, by 2019, China’s per capita GDP will be close to US $10000. Therefore, the United States proposes to cancel China’s preferential treatment as a developing country in the WTO.
而世贸组织对于一国是否是发展中国家没有自己的量化标准，但它明确指出发达国家应向发展中国家提供优惠的过渡期。2001年中国加入世贸组织时，人均国内生产总值不足1000美元，这无疑属于一个发展中国家。然而，到2019年，中国人均GDP接近1万美元，综合国力显著增长时，美国企图借机建议取消中国在世贸组织中享受发展中国家的优惠待遇。
发达经济体和发展中经济体分布图
Blue is developed countries and yellow is developing countries
上图中蓝色是发达经济体，黄色是发展中经济体。
Of course, the definition criteria of developed and developing countries can be measured by many indicators, such as GDP (gross domestic product), per capita GNI (gross national income), average life expectancy, literacy rate, medical level, etc. But in my opinion, in fact, these data are not the most important, because these standards are the result of political struggle between big countries. Whoever is stronger has the priority to interpret the rules.
当然，发达国家和发展中国家的界定标准可以用许多指标来衡量，如GDP（国内生产总值）、人均GNI（国民总收入）、平均预期寿命、识字率、医疗水平等。但在我看来，事实上，这些数据并不是最重要的，因为这些标准是大国之间政治角力的结果，谁更强大，谁就有规则的优先解释权。
The fundamental purpose of the United States is to urge new market countries, including China, to be deprived of a series of protection policies given to developing countries by the WTO framework as soon as possible, including the buffer period of market opening, the protection of vulnerable industries, special care for subsidies and tariffs, and even ultimately urge the WTO to fundamentally abandon “developing countries” through various high-pressure means This principle, which in its view is “unfavorable” to the United States.
美国的根本目的是促使包括中国在内的新型市场国家早日被剥夺WTO框架赋予发展中国家的一系列保护政策，包括市场开放缓冲期、对弱势产业的保护、对补贴和关税的特殊照顾等，甚至最终通过各种高压手段，促使WTO从根本上放弃“发展中国家”这一在其看来对美国“不利”的划定原则。
In other words, the United States must make China a developed country. It will produce a series of indicators to prove that you are a developed country. As for how to calculate these indicators, it has a large number of top economists to calculate and produce data and evidence to make China a developed country.
换句话说，美国必须使中国成为一个发达国家，它将制造一系列指标来证明你是一个发达国家，至于如何计算这些指标，他有大量顶尖经济学家来计算，制造数据和证据，使中国成为一个发达国家。
Therefore, there are many pseudo developed countries that are “accidentally” classified as developed countries, such as Iceland in Europe, South Korea in Asia, South Africa in Africa, etc. these countries simply do not have the strength of developed countries and need to meet the requirements of developed countries. Responsibility is the result of insufficient political power and the performance of weak countries without real diplomatic power.
因此，有许多被“意外”归为发达国家的伪发达国家，如欧洲的冰岛、亚洲的韩国、非洲的南非等，这些国家根本不具备发达国家的实力，需要满足发达国家的要求。责任是政治权力不足的结果，也是没有外交实权的弱国的表现。
南非街头
Therefore, the problem facing China now is not when to become a developed country, but how to accumulate slowly over a long period of time and finally become a developed country and enjoy the status of a developing country, because at present, this status brings only benefits but no disadvantages to China.
因此,中国现在面临的问题不是何时成为发达国家,而是如何在较长时间内慢慢积累最终成为发达国家,享有发展中国家的地位,因为目前,这一地位给中国带来的只有好处,没有坏处。
Develop a large number of advanced buildings, advanced railways and advanced technologies… These are just tools to achieve goals, not goals worth pursuing, It is not evidence of a country’s development.
开发大量先进的建筑、先进的铁路、先进的技术……这些只是实现目标的工具，而不是值得追求的目标，更不是验证一国是否发达的证据。
The most important thing is to provide security for the weak so that they can have food and clothing. As we all know, it is always the shortest barrel that determines the capacity of a barrel; The standard to measure a country’s development level is not the rich clothes and food of the strong, but the status of the weak.
最重要的是为弱者提供保障，让他们衣食无虞。我们都知道，决定一个桶容量的总是最短的桶；衡量一个国家的发展程度，标准不是强者的锦衣玉食，而是弱者的地位。
According to authoritative data, there are still 600 million low-income people in China, who earn only 1000 yuan a month. Can you imagine? The development of a country depends not only on cities, but also on backward and poor areas. Therefore, the state must vigorously help the poor and benefit the people. China’s vigorous implementation of the strategies of “common prosperity” and “Rural Revitalization” has achieved initial results, but it is far from reaching the ultimate goal.
根据权威数据说，中国仍有数亿低收入者，这些人每月只挣1000元。你能想象吗？一个国家的发展不仅要看城市,还要顾及落后的贫困地区。因此，国家必须大力扶贫，造福人民。中国大力实行“共同富裕”和“乡村振兴”战略初见成效，但远未达成最终目标。
How is your life? How much money do you have in your pocket? Chinese people are clear about whether they are developed countries and should not be defined by some countries. Whether China is “developing” or “developed”, we are all practitioners and witnesses. We are still moving forward. You will wait and see.
生活得如何，兜里有几个钱，中国老百姓对自己是否是发达国家清清楚楚，不应该被某些国家定义。无论中国在“发展中”还是已经“发达”，中国人民都是实践者和见证者，他们仍在前进的路上，你们拭目以待吧。
