扒车喵中日韩三国在文化上基本就是一脉相承，同属于中华文化圈，中国是中华文化的起源；日韩从历史上就深受中华文化的熏陶，历史上日韩也是属于中国的藩属国；然而，最近在海外版知乎平台Quora上，有美国网友问到：中日韩同属于中华文化圈，韩国怎么就成了基督教国家？这引起了美国众多学者和各阶层人士的讨论。
问题：中日韩同属于中华文化圈，韩国怎么就成了基督教国家？
葛瑞格：法学博士、政治科学和哲学学士，毕业于堪萨斯大学
The early missionary history of Christianity in these three countries was largely unsuccessful.Because the fact at the time was that the missionaries were seen as a means of trying to colonize these countries.It was tolerated early, and it was long suppressed in all these countries (there were many believers in the Mongol Empire).
在这三个国家中基督教的早期传教历史大多是失败的。因为当时的事实就是，传教士被视为试图殖民这些国家的一种手段。在早期(例如蒙古帝国有许多聂斯脱里派基督徒)容忍它之后，它在所有这些国家被压制了很长一段时间。
The Meiji Restoration was legalized in Japan, but it was still regarded as foreign ideas in the era of Japanese nationalism.As Japan became a modern country closer to Western Europe, people became less religious, strictly like church members in Britain and France, but the Japanese also shouted to put the concept of the church into practice.The slogan is “Marry God and bury the Buddha,” but this is just a slogan, not true.When it was legal in Japan after the Meiji restoration, it was still thought of as a foreign idea in a time when nationalism was on the rise. As Japanese became more and more a modern state the same dynamic that has happened in Western Europe happened. People became much less religious just as people are technically members of the Church in England or France but don’t practice much, people in Japan say “married Shinto, Buried Buddhist” but don’t do much in between.
在日本明治维新后，它在日本就变得合法了；但在日本民族主义兴起的时期，它仍被视为一种外来理念。随着日本成为一个与西方欧洲国家相近的越来越现代化的国家，人们的宗教信仰变得越来越少，就像英国或法国人严格意义上是教会的成员，但很少人会真的去实践教会的理念，当时日本人也喊出了“嫁给神道教，埋葬佛教徒”的口号，但这也就只是口号，实际人们并不会这么做。
In China after the Nestorian times, it had some success with the Jesuits who adapted to fit into Chinese culture, for example venerating ancestors was allowed. As part of a campaign against Jesuits that led to their being disbanded, the Pope declared that they were promoting idolatry.
在文艺复兴后，耶稣会士适应了中国文化，并在传教上取得了一些成功，例如，允许崇拜祖先。作为一场反对耶稣会士的运动的一部分，该运动导致了他们的解散，教皇宣布他们在传播偶像崇拜。
Later, the Chinese emperor banned these influential Catholics.In the 19th century, Christian missionaries returned to China in the 19th century, as China was weakened by Western powers.The leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement identified them as Chinese Christians.The war between 1850 and 1864 resulted in about between 20 million and 30 million deaths.The missionary work has continued ever since.The Boxer Rebellion movement was partly a part of the missionary work.
后来，中国皇帝禁止这些有影响力的天主教徒进入。19世纪，随着中国被西方列强削弱，基督教传教士再次来到中国。太平天国运动的领导认为他们是中国的基督徒。这场在1850年到1864年之间的战争导致了大约2000万到3000万人死亡。此后，传教工作继续进行。义和团运动在一定程度上属于传教工作的一部分。
In stark contrast, it is South Korea.The same is true of early history, and Christianity was suppressed by its association with colonial forces.But under Japanese colonial rule, Christianity began to be seen as a form of resistance against power.Since World War II and colonial liberation from Japan, it has been culturally associated with the middle class, youth, intellectuals, urban dwellers, modernnists and nationalists who opposed Japanese oppression.
与之形成鲜明对比的是韩国。早期的历史也是如此，基督教因为与殖民势力的联系而受到压制。但在日本殖民统治下，基督教开始被视为一种反抗权力的形式。韩国自二战并从日本的殖民解放以后，它在文化上与反对日本压迫的中产阶级、青年、知识分子、城市居民、现代化主义者和民族主义者联系在一起。
Before the Korean war, the majority of Christians was in the north. Most fled to the south. Since the Korean War it has been seen as force helping South Korea’s pursuit of modernity and emulation of the United States, and opposition to the old Japanese colonialism.
在朝鲜战争之前，大多数基督徒都在北方。大多数人逃到了南方。自朝鲜战争以来，它一直被视为帮助韩国追求现代化、效仿美国、反对日本殖民主义的力量。
Nonclergy and local leaders as compared to foreign-born missionaries contributed greatly to their growth.Those who opposed the military junta and supported democracy were also seen as an equivalent to the Christian movement.Those who advocated social equality were seen as allied with Christians.Christians teach that all men, high and cheap, are the same before God.This is in sharp contrast to the traditional Confucianism.Rapid economic growth is seen by some as a sign of divine blessing.In South Korea, the Evangelical movement has been dedicated to helping marginalized groups like poor factory workers and prostitutes.
与外国出生的传教士相比，非神职人员和当地的领导对其成长有很大的贡献。那些反对军政府和支持民主的人也被视为与基督教运动等同。那些主张社会平等的人被视为与基督教徒结盟。基督徒教导说，所有的人，无论贵贱，在上帝面前都是一样的。这与传统的儒家思想形成鲜明的对比。快速的经济增长被一些人视为上帝保佑的标志。在韩国，福音运动一直致力于帮助像贫穷的工厂工人和妓女这样的边缘人群。
These views and approaches have led to an extremely rapid growth. Today after the US, Korea sends more missionaries abroad than any other country. About 30% are Christian.
这些观点和方法导致了事情极其迅速地发展。如今，继美国之后，韩国向海外派遣的传教士比其他任何国家都多。大约30%是基督徒。
金韩伟：朝鲜人
Christianity was introduced into Korea by Catholic missionaries in China.Due to the Joseon dynasty ban, the Catholic Church in Korea was mainly composed of the poor.However, throughout the 19th century, these Christian restrictions were gradually relaxed, and the missionaries began to come here from overseas (first in France).Christianity continued to develop, and the Korean monarchs began to see it as a threat to the hierarchical Confucian system.As a result, the government once again imposed restrictions, and thousands of South Korean Catholics were dealt with.To this day, many Catholic churches in Korea are named after “Korean Martyrs”.
基督教是由中国的天主教传教士传入韩国的。由于朝鲜王朝的禁令，韩国的天主教会主要是由穷人组成的。然而，在整个19世纪，这些对基督教的限制逐渐放松，传教士开始从海外(最早是法国)来到这里。基督教继续发展，韩国君主开始将其视为对等级森严的儒家体系的威胁。因此，政府再次采取了限制措施，数千名韩国天主教徒得到了处理。直到今天，韩国的许多天主教教堂都以“韩国烈士”的名字命名。
But eventually the Joseon dynasty reluctantly accepted Catholicism, which opened the door for American Protestant missionaries.Taking the educational institutions to Korea were the Protestant missionaries, who were the first to teach in Korean rather than Chinese.As a result, Christianity spread more widely, especially in the north (yes, I know it was ironic).North Korea became a Japanese colony in 1910.Then there was the suppression of the missionary movement.However, due to the repression, the missionary groups were independent of their counterparts in the United States and Europe.As a result, the Korean church became more Korean rather than purely ecumenism.
但最终朝鲜王朝不情愿地接受了天主教，这为美国新教传教士打开了大门。把教育机构带到韩国的是新教传教士，他们是第一批用韩语而不是中文教学的人。结果，基督教传播得更广，尤其是在北方(是的，我知道这很讽刺)。朝鲜于1910年成为日本的殖民地。然后是对传教士运动的镇压。然而，由于镇压，传教士团体独立于他们在美国和欧洲的同行。因此，韩国教会变得更加韩国化，而不是纯粹的普世主义。
Under Japanese rule, the national Shinto was imposed on the North Koreans.While compliance is not mandatory, compliance is strongly encouraged.At the same time, the Korean language was banned, and the overall Korean culture was downgraded.The missionaries seized the opportunity to position themselves as defenders of the Korean identity.Although both the Japanese government and their Western counterparts have asked them not to interfere in politics, many have already done so.For example, many of the March 1 Movement, supporting independence in South Korea, are Christian leaders.
在日本统治下，国家神道教被强加给朝鲜人。虽然遵守不是强制性的，但强烈鼓励遵守。同时禁止使用韩语，韩国文化整体降级。传教士们抓住了这个机会，将自己定位为韩国身份的捍卫者。尽管日本政府和他们的西方同行都要求他们不要干涉政治，但许多人已经这样做了。例如，支持韩国独立的“3·1运动”中有很多人是基督教领袖。
By the 1930s, Christianity was further suppressed and the National Shinto was authorized.Many Koreans see it as a sign of an inherent Christian connection to the independence movement, further increasing the Christian popularity.This continued in 1945 after its final independence (from Japan) and 1948 (from the Provisional Allied government), especially given the fact that South Korea’s first president, Lee Seung-Won, was a Methodist.
到了20世纪30年代，基督教被进一步压制，国家神道教被授权。许多韩国人认为，这是基督教与独立运动有内在联系的标志，进一步提高了基督教的受欢迎程度。这种情况在1945年(从日本)和1948年(从盟军临时政府)最终获得独立后持续下去，特别是考虑到韩国的第一任总统李承晚是卫理公会派教徒。
As a result of the Korean War, millions of Koreans, mostly from the north , fled to the United States. Since Christianity was more popular in the north than in the south, this explains why Korean-Americans are more likely to be Christian than South Koreans.
朝鲜战争的结果是，数以百万计的朝鲜人逃到美国，其中大部分来自朝鲜。由于基督教在北方比在南方更受欢迎，这就解释了为什么韩裔美国人比韩国人更有可能是基督徒。
