扒车喵西方世界普遍认为，作为同样是第三世界国家又是世界上最大的“西式民主”国家的印度在近年来出色的经济表现，对“中国模式”构成了挑战，其产业结构的演变独具特色，构成了印度发展模式的基础。但有印度的印度网友仍然感慨于两国的发展差距，有人提问道：为什么中国突然变得比印度还要富裕？这对印度和越南有什么启示？我们看看各国网友作何解释。
问题：为什么中国突然变得比印度更富裕？
印度企业家Das的回答
India is developing into an open market economy, but traces of its backward policies still exist. Facing the increasingly globalized world, the Chinese government has also formulated corresponding policies. Therefore, since the 1980s, China has shown signs of vigorous development.
印度正在发展成为一个开放的市场经济体，但其过去落后政策的痕迹依然存在。面对日益全球化的世界，中国政府也制定了相应的政策，因此自20世纪80年代以来，中国显示出蓬勃的发展迹象。
After independence, the Communist governance adopted by Nehru was not suitable for India, and leaders such as rajaji, kriplini and Patel also opposed it.
独立后，尼赫鲁采用的共产主义治理方式并不适合印度，拉贾吉、克里普莱尼和帕特尔等领导人对此也表示反对。
尼赫鲁
Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru’s 17 year dictatorship, capitalism and free economy had no market in India. Later, Indira Gandhi inherited the legacy of the rule of the Communist Party of India, which led to India’s long-term poor performance in social and economic indicators. Worst of all, she appointed Rajiv Gandhi, India’s worst Prime Minister.
在贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁17年独裁手腕的领导下，资本主义和自由经济在印度根本没有市场，后来英迪拉·甘地继承了印度共产党统治的遗产，这导致印度在社会和经济指标方面长期表现不佳，最糟糕的是，她任命印度最糟糕的总理拉吉夫·甘地继任。
In the last 25 years of the 20th century, manufacturing shifted from the west to developing countries. At that time, China’s transformation to a socialist market economy made it a better investment market.
在20世纪的最后25年，制造业从西方转移到了发展中国家。当时，中国向社会主义市场经济的转变使其成为一个更好的投资市场。
At the same time, India’s biggest advantage is also covered up by its biggest weakness.
与此同时，印度最大的优势也被其最大的弱点所掩盖。
1. For India, good dictatorship is better than bad democracy. Since 1974, India has fallen into a double crisis of politics and economy. The non partisan political leader J.P. Narayan launched a “comprehensive revolution” aimed at overthrowing Gandhi’s Government (see JA Pu movement). On June 12, 1975, according to Narayan’s indictment, the arahabad high court sentenced Gandhi to commit fraud in the 1971 general election and deprived him of his parliamentary qualification for six years.
1.对印度来说，好的独裁比坏的民主好。1974年起,印度陷入政治、经济的双重危机之中。无党派政治领袖J.P.纳拉扬发动旨在推翻甘地政府的“全面革命”(见贾·普运动)。1975年6月12日阿拉哈巴德高等法院根据纳拉扬的起诉，判决甘地在1971年大选中犯舞弊罪,剥夺其议会议员资格6年。
The opposition and the opposition within the National Congress Party took the opportunity to ask Gandhi to resign as prime minister. At this critical juncture, Prime Minister Gandhi did not consult with the cabinet to persuade president Ahmed to sign the announcement on the implementation of the state of emergency on June 26. After 21 months of uncertainty and fear caused by the implementation of the internal state of emergency, India’s democracy has been criticized by the international community.
反对党和国大党内的反对派乘机要求甘地辞去总理职务。在这危急关头，甘地总理未同内阁磋商,便于6月26日劝告总统艾哈迈德签署实施紧急状态的公告，在实施内部紧急状态引发了21个月的不确定性和恐惧之后，印度的民主受到了国际社会的批评。
2. Despite the large English speaking population, India’s low overall literacy rate shows that it is a country whose people are deceived.
2.尽管有大量讲英语的人口，但印度过低的整体识字率表明它是一个人民被蒙蔽的国家。
3. The depreciation of the rupee also increases the foreign exchange risk of investors, and the political instability makes capital flee frequently.
3.卢比贬值也增加了投资者的外汇风险，政治的不稳定性让资本频频外逃。
During this period, India experienced many internal problems, such as the 1971 war, haristan conflict, Bhopal gas tragedy, anti Sikh riots, terrorist activities in Kashmir valley and so on.
在这段时间里，印度经历了许多内部问题，比如1971年战争、哈里斯坦冲突、博帕尔毒气悲剧、反锡克暴动、克什米尔山谷的恐怖活动等。
After 1991, under the leadership of P.V. narshimarao, India adopted the capitalist policy proposed by Dr. Manmohan Singh, which helped India get rid of the crisis. We returned to the track of major powers, but we were still more than ten years behind China.
1991年后，在P.V.Narshimarao的领导下，印度采取了曼莫汉·辛格博士建议的资本主义政策，帮助印度摆脱了危机，我们又回到了主要大国的赛道中，但我们仍然落后中国十多年。
Now let’s compare China and India:
现在让我们比较一下中国和印度：
Although China has a larger population than India, due to the huge difference in territorial area, India’s population density is much higher than China. The population below the poverty line in India accounts for 29.8%, while China accounts for less than 5%.
尽管中国的人口比印度多，但由于领土面积的巨大差异，印度的人口密度比中国高得多，印度贫困线以下人口占29.8%，而中国不足5%。
贫民窟与富人区
Labor force: the female employment rate in India is much lower than that in China. Therefore, the labor force in India is 487.3 million and that in China is 767.6 million.
劳动力：印度的女性就业率远低于中国，因此，印度的劳动力为4.873亿，中国为7.676亿。
High population density, large population below the poverty line and relatively small labor force are the failure of a whole set of systems.
人口密度高，贫困线以下人口多，劳动力相对较少，这是一整套系统的失败。
On average, wealthy people in India have made more profits than China.
更多的投资带来更多的利润，中国在这方面取得了胜利，平均来说，中国人比印度富裕4倍。
Foreign direct investment (2021): more than US $200 billion in China and US $40 billion in India.
外国直接投资（2021年）：中国超过2000亿美元，印度400亿美元。
The market value of publicly traded stocks: more than $10 trillion in China and $3.4 trillion in India.
公开交易股票的市值：中国超10万亿美元，印度3.4万亿美元。
On January 2, 1996, the Indian Rupee was 4.23 rupees per RMB. On January 1, 2015, the value of Indian Rupee decreased to 10.18 rupees per RMB 1.
1996年1月2日，印度卢比为每人民币4.23卢比。2015年1月1日，印度卢比的价值降至每1元人民币10.18卢比。
India’s only hope is Narendra modi. I hope he can get India out of trouble, just as he revived Gujarat’s economy after the 2001 earthquake.
印度唯一的希望是纳伦德拉·莫迪。希望他能让印度走出困境，就像他在2001年地震后重振古吉拉特的经济一样。
外国网友Kamath的回答
China and India have only one similarity: population. Both countries are the only countries in the world with a population of more than 1 billion. In other respects, the two countries are very different.
中国和印度只有一个相似之处：人口。这两个国家都是世界上唯一人口超过10亿的国家。在其他方面，两国有很大的不同之处。
Why China is richer than India:
中国比印度富裕的原因：
1） 地理/Geography
• India is blessed with vast plains, access to the sea from three sides of the peninsula, snow capped mountains, navigable rivers and rich delta.
•印度有着得天独厚的广阔平原、从半岛三面通往大海的通道、白雪皑皑的山脉、适宜通航的河流和物产丰富的三角洲。
印度地形
• China has a geographical curse. They can only develop their economy on the east coast. Most cities such as Shanghai, Hong Kong and Beijing are located on the east coast.
•中国有一个地理诅咒，他们只能在东海岸发展经济，上海、香港、北京等大多数城市都位于东海岸。
• in order to reach China, the European invaders in the colonial era must either use India to reach China by land, bypass Southeast Asian countries to the east coast, or come from the United States.
•殖民时代的欧洲侵略者要想到达中国，要么必须利用印度，从那里通过陆路到达中国，要么绕过东南亚国家到达东海岸，要么来自美国。
• to reach China from India, they must pass through the thick Gobi desert, and the British soldiers have not received this training.
•要从印度到达中国，他们必须经过厚厚的戈壁沙漠，英国士兵没有接受过这方面的训练。
• in order to reach China from Southeast Asia, Britain did not control all territories on the way to China, such as Vietnam controlled by France, Indonesia controlled by the Netherlands and so on. Although all these countries are big European countries, they are always infighting frequently in order to make more profits from their lucrative trade.
•为了从东南亚抵达中国，英国在通往中国的路上并没有控制所有领土，比如越南被法国控制，印度尼西亚被荷兰控制等等。虽然所有这些国家都是欧洲大国，但为了从这些国家的利润丰厚的贸易中获得更多利润，他们总是频繁内讧。
• the United States had the same problem because there was no Panama Canal at that time, and they had to bypass the whole South American continent to reach China.
•美国也有同样的问题，因为当时还没有巴拿马运河，他们必须绕行整个南美大陆才能到达中国。
• other European powers were unable to colonize China because these European trading companies did not have the freedom to spend on military and other necessities as the British East India Company received from the royal family.
•其他欧洲大国没有能力殖民中国，因为这些欧洲贸易公司没有像英国东印度公司从皇室那里得到的那样，在军事和其他必需品方面的开支自由。
• when they came to Britain, they obtained silk from China through the opium trade and got what they wanted (without colonization). Later, in 1912, the country became a capitalist republic, and Britain’s position in India weakened at that time.
•来到英国后，他们通过鸦片贸易从中国获得丝绸，获得了他们想要的东西（没有殖民），后来在1912年，这个国家成为了资本主义共和国，同时英国在印度的地位也在那时削弱。
• this has become a favorable factor for China because they are basically independent and autonomous. Unlike India, we lost our economic autonomy due to colonial rule in 1757.
•这成为了中国的一个有利因素，因为他们基本上是独立自治的，不像印度，1757年，由于殖民统治，我们失去了对经济的自主权。
Shashank kamath answered what made India the richest country from 3000 BC to 1757 and what led to India’s sudden decline?
沙申克·卡马斯（Shashank Kamath）回答了是什么让印度从公元前3000年到1757年成为最富裕的国家，以及是什么导致了印度的突然衰落？
2） 政府的作用/The role of government
• China is the best example of giving full play to the function of the government, more specifically, establishing an independent government.
•中国是发挥政府功能的最好例子，更确切地说是建立独立自主的政府。
• let’s start from ancient times. In the 16th century, due to the wrong policies of the Ming Dynasty from 1618 to 1683, 25 million people died, and China’s economic contribution to world GDP decreased, leading to the collapse of the dynasty, which was then replaced by the Qing Dynasty in 1644. It was the peasant uprising that led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty in Beijing in 1644.
•我们从古代说起。16世纪，由于1618年至1683年间明朝的错误政策，导致2500万人死亡，中国对世界GDP的经济贡献减少，导致该王朝垮台，随后在1644年被清朝取代。正是农民起义导致了1644年明朝在北京的灭亡。
• in the 1860s, the Qing government experienced political turmoil, resulting in millions of deaths. The last nail on the coffin was nailed by the Republic of China established in 1912 after it failed to restore its hegemony over the Korean Peninsula.
•19世纪60年代，清政府经历了政治动荡，导致数百万人死亡。棺材上的最后一颗钉子是在它未能恢复对朝鲜半岛的霸权，由1912年建立的中华民国钉上的。
• the Kuomintang authorities ruled corruptly until 1949, when the Communist Party of China overthrew the Kuomintang and the people were the masters of the country.
•国民党当局腐败统治，直到1949年，中国共产党推翻国民党统治，人民当家做主。
• this short history shows that whenever oppression and unrest occur, people will support / welcome new forces to launch stronger changes.
•这段简短的历史表明，任何时候，只要发生压迫和动荡，人们都会支持/欢迎新的势力发起更强大的变革。
• India was reunified with the help of the ruling forces of the British royal family. We have vijayanagarh empire in the south, Mughal people in the north, Rajput people in the northwest and so on, which makes it easy for the British to colonize India.
•而在英国王室统治势力的帮助下，印度才实现统一。我们南部有维贾亚纳加尔帝国，北部有莫卧儿人，西北部有拉吉普特人等等，这使得英国人很容易殖民印度。
• from 1770 to 1943, we experienced several periodic famines, which claimed one third of India’s total population.
•从1770年到1943年，我们经历了多次定期饥荒，夺走了印度总人口的三分之一。
• for a hundred years, China has always had a central government with great authority, while India has only 70 years. When the United States was liberated from colonial rule, the new country needed to stabilize in the first 100 years, while China needed less time.
•百年来，中国一直拥有一个有着巨大权威的中央政府，而印度只有70年。当美国从殖民统治中解放出来时，在最初的100年里，这个新国家需要稳定下来，而中国需要的时间要少一些。
• India is a multi-party democracy and rarely hears the voice of the people, while opposition parties continue to lobby for their own interests.
•印度是一个多党民主国家，很少听到人民的声音，而反对派政党继续为自己的利益进行游说。
3） 经济开放/Economic opening
• China can promote different land reforms and unify all government procedures, which makes them have an excellent business environment and use rich human resources to promote China to become the lowest cost manufacturing industry in the world. The government helps industries flourish, which gives them a competitive advantage over other manufacturing centers.
•中国能够推动不同的土地改革，统一所有政府程序，这使得他们有着极好的营商环境，利用丰富的人力资源推动中国成为世界上最低成本制造业。政府帮助工业蓬勃发展，这使它们比其他制造业中心具有竞争优势。
• at the same time, India faces an emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi’s government. Our economy has experienced the highest inflation in India’s history since independence, and trade is controlled by the government. When the emergency ended, we established India’s first non parliamentary government in 1978, but it didn’t last long.
•与此同时，印度面临着英迪拉·甘地政府强加的紧急情况。我们的经济经历了印度自独立以来历史上最高的通货膨胀，贸易由政府控制。当紧急情况结束时，我们在1978年成立了印度第一个非国会政府，但这并没持续多久。
As we have not recovered from the losses in the emergency period, the economy is in a serious crisis. Gandhi Gandhi’s government was on the verge of economic crisis in 1991, but his rich experience did not push Gandhi Gandhi’s government into crisis.
由于我们还未从紧急时期的损失中恢复，经济处于严重危机之中。英迪拉·甘地遇刺导致经验丰富的拉吉夫·甘地政府陷入困境，1991年，拉吉夫·甘地政府非但没有改善经济，反而将其推入深度危机，并濒临休克。
• India opened its economy in 1991 and it took us seven to eight years to recover, thanks to the turmoil of the current central government, which did not start to promote development until 1999.
•印度于1991年开放了经济，我们花了7-8年时间恢复，这要归功于目前处于中心地位的政府的动荡，直到1999年，印度人民党政府才开始推动发展。
• India has opened its economy, but there is no continuous government and sustained policy efforts to make India an investor friendly country.
•印度开放了经济，但没有连续的政府和持续的政策努力使印度成为一个对投资者友好的国家。
• on the other hand, China can drive decision-making more efficiently than India.
•另一方面，中国可以比印度更高效地推动决策。
Although history has played an important role in making China more stable than India, it is the bad policies of the Indian government and the right time for the new policies of the Chinese government that make China richer than India.
虽然历史在使中国比印度更稳定方面发挥了重要作用，但正是印度政府的糟糕政策和中国政府新政策的正确时机让中国比印度更富有。
