扒车喵近日，Quora网站贴出一个问题：Is the quality of products made in India better than those made in China?（印度制造的商品质量比中国制造的好么？），引起了外国网友热议。
以下是QUORA网站读者评论：
外文链接：https://www.quora.com/Is-the-quality-of-products-made-in-India-better-than-those-made-in-China
Anup Mohan, Indian, Working in China for over 1.5 Years
I am not sure about the perspective that is being considered here. For example, an Indian will definitely say, Indian Product’s quality is better and a Chinese will counter the argument.
However, from a global perspective (read on to understand this better), there is no clear winner here. This is going to be a little complex to understand. This is primarily due to manufacturing ecosystem variances across both the countries. That happens due to the following factors:
Product Variation
Indian Economy is less reliant on exports as compared with China. Thus, Indian products are primarily made to cater to Indian market. This brings a standard to follow for Indian companies by not creating multiple variances of a single product. Whereas, Chinese Products are exported all over the world. This brings a competitive advantage for Chinese Manufacturers in terms of creating large number of varieties for a single product.
In China, if you want to buy a product, you can buy it for RMB 10 as well as RMB 1000 (for example). Since, they have to cater to different countries with different legal requirements and culture set-ups, they need to create different varieties of a single product. The same can be verified by simply accessing B2B E-commerce websites like Alibaba.com.
Personally, I have been to a factory in China which manufactures LV bag, but the same factory also manufactures bags that are sold on the street. The only difference is the ones that are sold on the street won’t have a LV tag. The quality is exactly the same.
我不确定大家在这里考虑的角度。例如，印度人肯定会说，印度产品的质量更好，而中国人会反驳这种说法。
然而，从全球的角度来看(请继续阅读以更好地理解这一点)，这里没有明显的赢家。理解起来有点复杂。这主要是由于两国制造业生态系统的差异。这是由于下列因素造成的:
产品差异化
与中国相比，印度经济对出口的依赖程度较低。因此，印度产品主要是为了迎合印度市场。这为印度企业提供了一个标准，即不要为单一品种生产多种类型。然而，中国产品出口到世界各地。这给中国制造商带来了竞争优势，因为他们可以为单一产品创造大量的品种。
在中国，如果你想买一件商品，你可以只花10元，也可以花上1000元(比如)。因为他们必须迎合不同国家不同的法律要求和文化，他们需要生产不同种类的单一产品。访问B2B电子商务网站如Alibaba.com就可以验证这一点。
就我个人而言，我去过中国一家生产LV包的工厂，但是这家工厂也生产街头销售的包。唯一的区别是在街上卖的那些没有LV标签。但质量是完全一样的。
Economies of Scale
Since China produces more number of goods, it brings their total cost down substantially. For example, if you set up a factory for $100,00, the cost of the first good you would produce will technically be $100,000. However, the more you make, the more your per unit cost decreases. China is an unbeatable champion of Economies of Scale.
Economies of Scales brings a substantial impact on the complete manufacturing ecosystem. This includes constant improvement of all production related processes including the quality. This is relatively simple to understand. The more you make, the more you understand, the more improvements you can make, the better your products’s quality will be. Therefore, in terms of manufacturing efficiency, for specific component/sub-component of a production/manufacturing process, it is practically impossible to rival China.
由于中国生产更多的商品，总成本大大降低。例如，如果你以10000美元的价格建立一个工厂，你生产的第一件商品的技术成本将是10万美元。然而，你生产的越多，单位成本下降的越多。中国是规模经济的不败冠军。
规模经济对整个制造业生态系统产生重大影响。这包括不断改进所有生产相关的过程，包括质量。这是相对容易理解的。你做的越多，你就越了解，你能做的改进越多，你的产品质量就会越好。因此，就制造效率而言，几乎不可能与中国匹敌。
This can be verified by how Chinese Companies are setting up factories outside China due to increasing labor cost, more evidently in mobile phones manufacturing. Basically, they have mastered manufacturing on a such a magnanimous scale that now their expertise is in demand across the World, from any country that wants to focus on manufacturing, let alone India.
Manufacturing Outsourcing
Have you heard this term called ‘OEM/OBM/ODM’?
这一点可以从中国企业在海外设立工厂的方式得到证实，原因是劳动力成本不断上升，尤其是在手机制造业。基本上，他们已经以如此大的规模控制了制造业，以至于现在全世界都需要他们的专业技能，任何一个想要专注发展制造业的国家都需要，更不用说印度了。
制造业外包
你听说过“OEM/OBM/ODM”这个词吗?
China’s manufacturing is so advanced that it follows a concept of ‘Manufacturing Outsourcing’. Just like how India is the so called ‘Outsourcing Hub’ for services, China is the ‘Outsourcing Hub’ for manufacturing. Just like how most of the customer services centres for English Speaking countries are based in India, their manufacturing is based in China. This is how manufacturing works in China.
This implies that a single factory in China may make products for hundreds of clients from all over the world. Each client has specific requirements, specific quality standards, specific designs, specific delivery timelines, specific budget, etc.
This makes their products more global, more advanced and more diverse.
中国的制造业非常先进，遵循着“制造业外包”的理念。就像印度被称为服务外包中心一样，中国也是制造业的外包中心。就像大多数以英语为母语的国家的客户服务中心都设在印度一样，它们的制造业也设在中国。这就是中国制造业的运作方式。
这意味着中国的一家工厂可以为来自世界各地的数百个客户生产产品。每个客户都有特定的要求，特定的质量标准，特定的设计，特定的交付时间，特定的预算等。
这使得他们的产品更全球化、更先进、更多样化。
Quality ‘Premium’
The question of quality doesn’t arise in 50% cases primarily because they are branded products. For ex, companies like Apple, Sony, etc, they all make their products in China. However, it is very unlikely that you will face quality problems with their products. This happens because these companies give clear quality standards to follow for their Chinese OEMs. The same company is may be, making products for another company as well, but better quality comes at a cost.
Is every brand prepared to pay a premium for better quality products?
质量“溢价”
质量问题在50%的情况下不会出现，主要是因为它们是品牌产品。对于苹果、索尼等公司来说，他们的产品都是在中国生产的。然而，你不太可能会遇到他们产品的质量问题。之所以会出现这种情况，是因为这些公司为其中国代工厂商制定了明确的质量标准。同一家公司可能也在为另一家公司生产产品，但更好的质量是要付出代价的。
每个品牌都准备好为更好的产品支付溢价吗?
Customer Awareness
Quality ‘Premium’ is the reason why Chinese products have a bad brand in the market. In most cases, specially in Indian cases, our whole-sellers who source products from China, generally source the cheapest products possible. They know this is what Indians want. And, they make good money on it. However, similarly, an American Product sourcer may not do the same, since he knows that there are stricter quality norms to follow in the US.
When customers are well aware of their rights and when sellers know the repercussions of selling sub-standard products, it is less likely that a country will have access to ‘low-quality’ products.
客户意识
质量“溢价”是中国产品在市场上口碑不佳的原因。在大多数情况下，特别是在印度，我们从中国采购产品的所有卖家，通常都尽可能地采购最便宜的产品。他们知道这是印度人想要的。而且，他们从中赚了很多钱。然而，同样的，美国的产品供应商可能不会这么做，因为他知道美国有更严格的质量标准。
当消费者充分意识到自己的权利，当卖家知道销售不合格产品的后果时，一个国家获得“低质量”产品的可能性就会降低。
Infrastructure & Transportation play the most important role for products to have a better availability in the market. China is a clear leader in that segment.
基础设施和交通运输对产品在市场上有更好的可用性起着最重要的作用。中国在这方面明显领先。
I remember in 2013, I was traveling in Egypt. I went to a souvenir market and I was shocked to know that each and every souvenir was made in China. I asked one shopkeeper, how do you get everything from China, he replied ‘it comes on road my friend. There is a bridge that connects Asia & Africa, many trucks come from China on that bridge’.
This situation is definitely improving but globally speaking, it still needs much more time for India to make its dent, specially when it’s total exports have been relatively stagnant.
我记得2013年，我在埃及旅行。我去了一个纪念品市场，得知每一件纪念品都是中国制造的，我感到很震惊。我问一个店主，你怎么能从中国买到所有东西?他回答说，朋友，这些东西都是通过陆地运输来的，我们有一座连接亚洲和非洲的桥，许多中国货车通过这座桥到达这里。
这种情况肯定在改善，但从全球范围来看，印度仍需要更多时间来削弱自己的实力，尤其是在出口总额相对停滞的情况下。
Karthik Mohan, MBA from Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (2019)
No, ‘Made in China’ products are not inferior in Quality. China is known as the ‘factory of the world’. When in the 1980s, Comm-nist China was busy becoming the manufacturing hub of the world, socialist India was busy perfecting the ‘Licence Raj’.
The ‘Made in China’ tag fell into disrepute in India because China perfected manufacturing so well that its factories are able to manufacture products of the highest quality to the absolute worst. And the perception that all Chinese goods are bad is because of the latter.
The best electronic products are Made in China. Foxconn(Hon Hai Precision Technology Group), for example, is the largest contract electronics manufacturer in the world, and makes iPhones for Apple, PlayStation for SONY, Xbox One for Microsoft, Galaxy phones for Samsung, Kindle for Amazon. Most of Foxconn’s factories are based out of China.
不，“中国制造”的产品质量并不差。中国被称为“世界工厂”。上世纪80年代，中国忙于成为世界制造业中心，印度忙于完善“许可证制度”。
“中国制造”的标签在印度声名狼藉，因为中国对制造业的完善程度如此之高，以至于它的工厂能够生产出从最高质量到最低质量的产品。认为所有中国商品都不好的看法是后者造成的。
最好的电子产品是中国制造的。例如，富士康(鸿海精密科技集团)是全球最大的代工电子产品制造商，为苹果生产iphone，为索尼生产PlayStation，为微软生产Xbox One，为三星生产Galaxy手机，为亚马逊生产Kindle。富士康的大部分工厂都设在中国以外。
Now, many low quality products are imported from China into India. But it is not China’s fault. These products are manufactured in China on procurement orders from Indian firms. India is a cost-sensitive market, and to reduce manufacturing costs, quality is compromised many times. Customers then expect cheap Chinese products to last a lifetime. It simply is an unreasonable expectation. You get what you pay for. iPhones that are made in China are expensive and are one of the most reliable devices on the planet.
Coming to India, it completely missed the manufacturing bus and is still trying to play catch-up. The Indian government’s Make in India plan doesn’t seem to be working that well due to no fault of theirs. The problem goes back to 1947. Indian leaders were so seduced by the concept of ‘all-foreign-goods-are-evil’ that they followed a purely inward looking manufacturing policy. India never planned or dreamt of manufacturing for the rest of the world. As pointed out by a young Manmohan Singh in 1963, one of the biggest flaws of Nehruvian Economics was that it didn’t have space for an ‘export policy’. Without external competition, Indian companies became lethargic and quality diminished; the effects of which are still visible today. Indian manufacturing lags behind China by a million miles. China is a preferred manufacturing destination because labour is cheap, regulation is lax, material procurement is easy and the government actively backs ‘quantity-production’.
现在，许多低质量的产品从中国进口到印度。但这不是中国的错。这些产品是根据印度公司的采购订单在中国制造的。印度是一个对成本敏感的市场，为了降低制造成本，只能在质量方面做出让步。消费者指望廉价的中国产品可以用一辈子。这只是一种不合理的期望。一分钱一分货。中国制造的iphone价格昂贵，是世界上最可靠的设备之一。
至于印度，它完全错过了制造业的巴士，现在仍在努力追赶。印度政府的“印度制造”计划似乎没有那么有效，因为这不是他们的错。这个问题可以追溯到1947年。印度领导人被“一切外国产品都是邪恶的”的概念所诱惑，以至于他们遵循了一种纯粹着眼于内部的制造业政策。印度从未计划或梦想过为世界其他地区制造产品。正如年轻的曼莫汉•辛格在1963年指出的，尼赫鲁经济学的最大缺陷之一是，它没有制定“出口政策”的空间。没有外部竞争，印度企业变得死气沉沉，质量下降；其影响残留至今。印度制造业落后中国100万英里。中国是首选的制造业目的地，因为劳动力便宜，监管松懈，原材料采购容易，政府积极支持“数量-生产”。
But, if you take a well-designed ‘Made In India’ woollen cardigan and compare it with an intentionally poorly manufactured Chinese one, it may seem that ‘Made in India’ tag is better. Whom are we kidding?
India scores better than China in many aspects, IT for example, but high-quality manufacturing is not one of them.
但是，如果你拿一件精心设计的“印度制造”羊毛开衫和一件故意制造得很差的中国羊毛衫做比较，你会发现“印度制造”的标签似乎更好。我们在糊弄谁呢?
印度在很多方面都比中国强，IT业就是一个例子，但高质量的制造业并不在其中。
你觉得外国网友的说法对吗？欢迎下方留言分享你的观点。
