扒车喵在海外知名问答网站Quora上，一名日本网友提问道：日本人是中国人的后代吗？这个话题引起了诸多海外网友的关注和热议。来自日本的专家称根据基因测序和历史资料记载来看，很大程度上确实如此，他专门撰文回答了该网友的问题。
问题：日本人是中国人的后代吗？
日本专家晃坤的回答
A large number of archaeological evidence shows that thousands of years ago, a large number of farmers poured into Japan from the Asian continent. They are called maisheng people. With the overwhelming advantage of production technology, they replaced the rope pattern people mainly engaged in hunting and gathering in Japan.
大量考古证据表明，数千年前，有大量农民从亚洲大陆涌入日本，他们被叫做弥生人。他们凭借生产技术的压倒性优势取代了日本本土主要从事狩猎采集的绳纹人。
The mitochondrial DNA analysis of Japanese rope literati and modern Japanese samples shows that there is discontinuity between the mitochondrial DNA of residents in rope literati era and modern Japanese. It may be that in the Yayoi era, there was a conflict between the aboriginal rope literati and the Yayoi. The Yayoi were much more advanced than the rope literati in terms of weapons and productivity. At that time, the rope literati were still in the stone age and far behind the Yayoi. Therefore, the rope literati were defeated in this conflict and had to move to Hokkaido island. In the ancient tomb era, the rope literati have completely integrated with the maisheng people to form a Dahe nation.
对日本绳文人和现代日本样品的线粒体DNA分析表明，绳文人时代居民和现代日本人的线粒体DNA存在不连续性。可能是弥生时代的时候，原住民绳文人和弥生人发生了冲突，弥生人在武器、生产力等方面比绳文人要先进得多，而绳文人当时还处于石器时代，大大落后于弥生人，因此绳文人在这场冲突中落败，不得不往北海道岛迁移。而到了古坟时代绳文人己经完全和弥生人融合形成大和民族了。
绳文人生活场景
The deathbed period was named after an area near Tokyo, where archaeologists discovered the cultural relics and remains of that era for the first time. The remarkable characteristics of the Yasheng period include the style of Yasheng pottery and the formation of rice field intensive rice agriculture. The hierarchical structure of Japanese society began in this period, and this feature originated in China. From the south of Kyushu to the north of Honshu, maisei culture flourished.
弥生时期是以东京附近一地区命名的，考古学家在那里首次发现了那个时代的文物和遗存。弥生时期的显著特征包括弥生陶器风格和稻田密集型水稻农业开始形成。日本等级社会阶层结构始于这一时期，而这一特征起源于中国，从九州南部到本州北部这片区域内，弥生文化蓬勃发展。
During the dying period, the culture of China and its vassal state Korea reached Japan at different times in the following centuries. China’s influence is evident in bronze and copper weapons, Taoist temples and irrigated rice cultivation. The three main symbols of maisheng culture are copper mirror, copper sword and royal seal stone.
在弥生时期，中国其藩属国朝鲜的文化在后来的几个世纪的不同时期到达日本。中国的影响在青铜和铜制武器、道场以及灌溉水稻种植方面非常明显。弥生文化的三个主要标志是铜镜、铜剑和皇家印章石。
Archaeological evidence shows that maisheng culture is related to the Yangtze River Delta
考古证据表明弥生文化与长江三角洲有关
From 1996 to 1999, a team led by Cong Yamaguchi, a researcher at the National Museum of natural sciences of Japan, found maisheng remains in Yamaguchi and Fukuoka counties of Japan and compared them with those in Jiangsu Province along the coast of China. The research team found many similarities between the remains of maisheng and Jiangsu. DNA testing further linked maisheng to the Yangtze River region of China.
1996年至1999年间，由日本国家自然科学博物馆研究员山口聪领导的团队在日本山口县和福冈县发现的弥生遗骸与中国沿海江苏省的弥生遗骸进行了比较。研究小组发现了弥生和江苏遗骸之间的许多相似之处。DNA测试进一步将弥生与中国长江地区联系起来。
DNA tests show that some of the earliest rice growers in Japan may have migrated from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China more than 2000 years ago. Genetic similarity was found between the human remains of the dying period found in southwest Japan and the early Han Dynasty remains found in Jiangsu Province, China. Scientists say the people who introduced irrigation technology to the Japanese Islands either came from the Korean Peninsula opposite the Tsushima Strait or from northern China opposite the Yellow Sea.
DNA测试表明，日本一些最早的水稻种植户可能是2000多年前从中国长江下游流域移民过来的。在日本西南部发现的弥生时期的人类遗骸和中国江苏省发现的汉代早期遗骸之间发现了基因相似性。科学家称，向日本群岛引进灌溉技术的人要么来自筑岛海峡对面的朝鲜半岛，要么来自黄海对面的中国北方。
It is said that China’s first emperor (Qin Shihuang) dreamed of immortality and sent Xu Fu (Zhu Fu in Japanese legend) and thousands of young men and women to look for immortality medicine. A team led by Xu Fu is said to have landed in today’s Kumano area of Japan’s triple county. Later, Xu Fu decided to stay in Xingu and never returned to the state of Qin. The agricultural technology and knowledge brought by Xu Fu are said to have greatly improved the quality of life of the ancient Japanese.
传说中国的第一位皇帝（秦始皇）幻想长生不老，派遣徐福（日本传说中的朱福）和成千上万的年轻男女一起寻找长生不老药。徐福带领的一队人马据说在今天的日本三重县熊野地区登陆。后来徐福决定留在新谷，再也没有回到秦国。徐福带来的农业技术和知识据说极大地提高了古代日本人的生活质量。
日本徐福公园
In the 15th century, Tokugawa shuntengbu, the Lord of Guiqiu, placed a tombstone in shingu to commemorate Xu Fu. In 1994, Xingu city built a memorial park around Xu Fu’s tombstone and named it “Zhou Fu Memorial Park”. In any case, Xu Fu’s departure from China is generally consistent with the Yayoi civilization in Japan.
15世纪，贵秋的领主德川顺藤部在新谷（Shingu）安放了一块墓碑以纪念徐福。1994年，新固市在徐福墓碑周围修建了一座纪念公园，并将其命名为“周福纪念公园”。无论如何，徐福离开中国与日本出现的弥生文明大体上是一致的。
Records of Japan in ancient China
中国古代关于日本的记录
The earliest written records about the Japanese came from Chinese historical materials in the dying period. Wo, the pronunciation of early Japanese Chinese names, was mentioned in AD 57; At the end of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu gave NaVO a gold seal. This event was recorded in the book of the later Han Dynasty compiled by Fan Ye in the fifth century. This seal was later found in the north of Kyushu in the 18th century. In 257 ad, the annals of the Three Kingdoms compiled by Chen Shou, a scholar of the third century, also mentioned “he nationality”.
关于日本人的最早书面记录来自于尚在弥生时期的中国史料。WO，是日本早期中文名字的发音，在公元57年就被提及了；汉末广武皇帝给了那沃国一枚金印。这一事件被记录在五世纪范晔编纂的《后汉书》中，这枚印章后来于18世纪在九州北部被发现。公元257年，三世纪学者陈寿编纂的《三国志》也提及了“和族”。
1784年在日本福冈县的Shikanoshima岛上发现的Na国王金印。
Ancient Chinese books in the third century also recorded that the Japanese lived on raw fish, vegetables, bamboo and rice on wooden trays, clapped their hands and worshipped (the shrine still does this), and built mounds for sacrifice. They also maintained patriarchal relations, collected taxes, owned provincial granaries and markets, and the basic feature of society was violent struggle.
三世纪的中国古籍还记载说，日本人以生鱼、蔬菜和竹子和木制托盘上的大米为生，拍手朝拜为礼（神社至今仍在做这件事），并建造土墩祭祀，他们还保持着宗主关系，收税，拥有省级粮仓和市场，社会的的基本特征是暴力斗争。
In Wei Zhi, it first mentioned Yamataikoku (邪馬台国) and sharmaness Queen Himiko (卑弥呼), and chronicled a tributary relationship between Himiko and the Cao Wei Kingdom (220–265AD) during the Three Kingdom period. It recorded that the Yayoi people chose her as ruler following decades of civil war. Early Japanese histories do not mention Himiko, but historians associate her with legendary figures such as Empress Consort Jingu, who was regent (200–269AD) in roughly the same era as Himiko.
在《魏志》中，它首先提到了山太国(邪馬台国) 还有夏曼内斯女王希米科(卑弥呼), 并记载了三国时期日美子与曹魏国（公元220-265年）的朝贡关系。据记载，经过几十年的内战，弥生人选择她为统治者。早期的日本历史中没有提到日美子，但历史学家将她与金谷皇后等传奇人物联系在一起，金谷皇后与日美子大致处于同一时代，是摄政王（公元200-269年）。
Wei Zhi mentioned that the Chinese envoys sent by the kingdom of Cao Wei to Japan recorded that some Japanese scholars believe that the Dahe people and the Dahe dynasty may be the descendants of the ancient Chinese feudal state of Wu, or even the direct descendants of Tiber. Wu Taibo is a historical figure of the state of Wu in the Yangtze River Basin of China.
《魏志》提到曹魏王国派往日本的中国使节记载,倭人的 一些学者认为，大和人和大和王朝可能是中国古代封地吴国的后裔，甚至是泰伯的直接后裔。吴泰伯是中国长江流域吴国的历史人物。
In history, Taber was the eldest son of Duke Zhou. When King Zhou wanted his youngest son to become crown prince, Taber and another brother left for the southeast and settled in today’s Jiangsu Province. There, Taber and his followers established the state of Wu. Taber’s nephew, King Wu of Zhou, later overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty. Taber is also known as Wu, the ancestor of all Chinese people (吳).
历史上，泰伯是周公的长子。当周国王希望让他的小儿子成为王储时，泰伯和另一个兄弟离开了，前往东南部，在今天的江苏省定居。在那里，泰伯和他的追随者建立了吴国。泰伯的侄孙，周武王后来推翻了商朝，建立了周朝。泰伯也被称为吴姓所有中国人的祖先(吳)。
日本网友史蒂文•怀特的回答
Part of it is true, although most Japanese are reluctant to admit it.
一部分确实如此，虽然大多数日本人不愿意承认。
There are at least three previous genetic groups that make up the current Japanese.
目前的日本人至少有三个遗传下来的基因群。
人种基因测序图
The first category is more closely related to the indigenous peoples of the Philippines, Taiwan Island and Okinawa. They may have been the first people to come to the Japanese islands, but they were expelled to the far north by later residents.
第一类与菲律宾原住民、台湾岛原住民和冲绳人的关系更为密切。他们可能是第一批来到日本群岛的人，但被后来的居民驱逐到了极北之地。
The second category is related to Mongolian and Korean, from the Korean Peninsula. At the beginning of the last glacial maximum about 28000 years ago, the Japanese islands could enter through the Korean Peninsula and move between the Korean Peninsula. From 16000 to 17000 years ago, due to sea level rise, the expansion of the Korean Strait may lead to the subsequent isolation of the Jomon lineage from the rest of the mainland. These time ranges are also consistent with the oldest evidence of rope pottery production.
第二类与蒙古族和朝鲜族有关，来自朝鲜半岛。在大约28,000年前的末次冰盛期开始时，日本群岛已经可以通过朝鲜半岛进入，从而能够在朝鲜半岛之间移动。16,000到17,000年前，由于海平面上升，朝鲜海峡的扩大可能导致随后绳文世系与大陆其他地区隔离。这些时间范围也与绳纹陶器生产的最古老证据相吻合。
The third time came from southern China. Maisheng, one of the ancestors of modern Japanese, has the genetic characteristics widely existing in Northeast Asia such as Liaohe River Basin in Northeast China. On the other hand, Gufen people have many genetic characteristics in East Asia, and this characteristic is basically consistent with the genetic characteristics of modern Japanese. Some people speculate that the ancestors of modern Japanese are mainly immigrants from all over southern China.
第三类来自中国南方。现代日本人祖先之一的弥生人，具有中国东北的辽河流域等东北亚地区广泛存在的遗传特征。另一方面，古坟人则有很多东亚大陆所具有的遗传特征，而且这一特征与现代日本人的遗传特征基本一致。有人据此猜测，现代日本人的祖先主要是由中国南方各地渡海而来的移民。
As for the cultural influence, it is inevitable that most of Japan’s cultural traditions come from China, and a considerable part of them are spread through North Korea. Almost all Japanese culture was rooted in China in the past. From written books to architecture and diet, even the whole samurai culture is based on the myth of heroes in the romance of the Three Kingdoms.
至于文化方面的影响更是不可避免，日本的文化传统绝大多数来自中国，其中相当一部分通过朝鲜传播进入。几乎所有的日本文化在过去的某个方面都根植于中国，从文字书籍到建筑饮食，甚至整个武士文化都是基于《三国演义》中英雄的神话。
Many Japanese history involves Japan’s admiration and imitation of China, which is shameful – just as most European countries are willing to be influenced by the Romans, this is the only way for the evolution of civilization.
很多日本历史都涉及到日本对中国的仰慕和模仿，这一点都不可耻——就像大多数欧洲国家乐于受到罗马人的影响一样，这是文明演进的必由之路。
