扒车喵2019年的诺贝尔经济学奖，颁给了阿比吉特·班纳吉、埃斯特·迪弗洛、迈克尔·克雷默三人，以表彰他们“在减轻全球贫困方面所提出的实验性方案”。不过，要论世界上迄今为止最为成功的扶贫实践，一定发生在中国。在海外问答论坛Quora上，外国网友提问道：中国的脱贫事业不应该获得诺贝尔和平奖吗？他们是怎么做到的？这引起了各国网友的围观和热议，他们认为诺奖多是白左政治的工具，最应该关注的是中国怎样做到使七亿多人摆脱贫困的。
问题：中国让七亿人脱贫，为什么没有获得诺贝尔和平奖？
英国专家威廉姆斯的回答
The Nobel Prize is designed for the people of the west, not for peace.
诺贝尔和平奖是专门为那些为西方服务的人设计的，而不是为人民服务的人。
Like Gorbachev, he destroyed his country and the West benefited as a competitor, so they awarded him the Nobel Peace Prize to express their gratitude. Is China’s poverty alleviation beneficial to the west? I don’t think so.
像戈尔巴乔夫那样，他毁掉了自己的国家，作为竞争对手，西方得到了好处，因此他们授予他诺贝尔和平奖以表达感激之情。中国的扶贫事业对西方有利吗？我不这么觉得。
Over the years, China has lifted a large number of people out of poverty and become rich by transferring a large number of people from agricultural based economic activities to manufacturing based economic activities.
多年来，中国通过将大量人口从以农业为基础的经济活动转移到以制造业为基础的经济活动，实现了大量人口的脱贫致富。
The measurement of poverty has always been the main topic of economics. Every country has its own standard to measure whether a family / individual is poor. If my annual income is less than 30000 pounds, I can say that I am a poor person living in Australia, but if I live in China, I will become quite rich.
贫困的衡量一直是经济学的主要话题。每个国家都有自己的标准来衡量一个家庭/个人是否贫困，如果我一年的收入不到3万英镑，我可以说我是一个生活在澳大利亚的穷人，但如果我生活在中国，我会变得相当富裕。
The United Nations measures poverty by very low standards. They define extreme poverty as living on less than $1.90 a day. In short, two dollars a day is 60 dollars a month. For most countries, this is a very low standard. 60 dollars is about 500 yuan and 6000 yuan a year.
联合国衡量贫困的标准很低。他们定义，如果每天生活费低于1.9美元，则被视为极端贫困。简单地说，每天2美元，那就是每月60美元，对大多数国家来说，这是一个非常低的标准，60美元大约是500元人民币，6000元人民币一年。
Can ordinary Chinese Earn 6000 yuan a year? of course. In 2018, the median annual income of Chinese people was 25000 yuan, which is four times the poverty line defined by the United Nations.
普通中国人一年能挣6000元人民币吗？当然。2018年，中国人的平均年收入中位数为2.5万元人民币，这是联合国定义的贫困线的4倍。
I’m not saying that 6000 yuan a year is a good or subsistence income. I’m just saying that China far exceeds this benchmark according to the United Nations definition of poverty.
我并不是说每年6000元人民币是一个好的或可以维持生计的收入，我只是说，根据联合国关于贫困的定义，中国远远超过了这个基准。
In fact, in most Chinese cities, the income of 6000 yuan a year is not a considerable income, and most people’s income is far more than that.
事实上，在大多数中国城市，每年6千元的收入并不是一笔可观的收入，而且大多数人的收入确实远远不止于此。
The biggest contributors to this transformation are the Chinese, who strive to become the world’s manufacturing center.
这一转变的最大贡献者是中国人，他们努力使自己成为世界制造业中心。
Most people talk about China’s cheap labor as if it is the only advantage of China’s development. In fact, cheap labor comes from thousands of villages, where people have been trapped for a long time.
大多数人谈论中国的廉价劳动力，就好像这是中国发展的唯一优势，事实上，廉价劳动力来自成千上万的村庄，在那里，人们曾经陷入长期的困顿。
In order to change this, China has built roads and railways extending in all directions to transport people and products at a more efficient speed and quantity.
为了改变这一点，中国修建了四通八达的公路和铁路，以更高效的速度和数量运送人员和产品。
Build schools, constantly attract graduates and graduate students, and provide their citizens with the key to further improve themselves.
建造学校，不断吸纳毕业生和研究生，为其公民提供进一步提升自己的钥匙。
The Chinese government has also formulated macro policies to maintain the stability of the RMB exchange rate so that Chinese products can maintain price competitiveness for as long as possible, which in turn provides people with opportunities for employment and poverty alleviation.
中国政府还制定宏观政策保持人民币汇率稳定，以使中国产品能够在尽可能长的时间内保持价格竞争力，这反过来又为人们提供了就业和摆脱贫困的机会。
Therefore, China’s poverty alleviation work is a combination of social, demographic, economic and political characteristics, which has achieved such excellent results.
因此，中国的脱贫工作这是社会、人口、经济和政治特征的结合，才得到了如此优异的成果。
This is the Chinese model, which is why people call it Chinese characteristics. This is not something that other countries can copy and paste.
这是中国的模式，这就是为什么人们称之为中国特色，这不是其他国家可以复制和粘贴的东西。
中国网友程强的回答
China has lifted more than 700 million people out of hunger and poverty in a relatively short time. This is not so much a humanitarian achievement as a mockery and humiliation of Western democracy, liberalism and values.
中国在相对较短的时间内就使7亿多人摆脱了饥饿和贫困，这与其说是人道主义成就，不如说是对西方民主、自由主义和价值观的嘲讽和羞辱。
China is often criticized by the so-called “human rights record” in the West. What is human rights? Is it human right not to starve? Is it a human right to walk safely in the street? The double standard words and deeds of the West have blinded their eyes, so they turn a blind eye to China’s poverty alleviation achievements.
中国经常受到西方所谓“人权记录”的批评，究竟什么是人权？不挨饿是人权吗？能够在街上安全地行走是一种人权吗？西方这种双标的言行蒙蔽了他们的双眼，这样他们对中国的扶贫成就熟视无睹。
In the past 30 years, China has helped 800 million people out of poverty, accounting for 70% of the global population out of poverty. Ban Ki Moon, the eighth Secretary General of the United Nations, recognized China’s efforts and said that “China has achieved transformation results in poverty reduction”. Many global media also praised China’s achievements in this field.
在过去的30年里，中国帮助了8亿人脱贫，占全球脱贫人口的70%。联合国第八任秘书长潘基文认可中国的努力，称“中国在减贫方面取得了转型成果”，许多全球媒体也赞扬了中国在这一领域取得的成就。
“Today, more than 1 billion people on earth still live in extreme poverty. China’s success in poverty alleviation has provided valuable experience for the world.”
“今天，地球上仍有十多亿人生活在极端贫困之中，中国扶贫的成功为全世界提供了宝贵的经验。”
In addition to the individualized poverty alleviation plan for everyone, the targeted poverty alleviation work of the state also includes various arrangements for creating employment opportunities and providing employment training for people, so as to shift the poverty alleviation model from “blood transfusion” to “blood creation”.
除了针对每个人的个性化扶贫计划外，国家有针对性的扶贫工作还包括创造就业机会和为人们提供就业培训的各种安排，使扶贫模式从“输血”转向“造血”。
Dulong mountain canyon is the home of about 7000 people in the mountainous area of Southwest China. Due to its high altitude, the mountain is covered with snow for half a year, isolating the countryside from poverty and poor conditions.
独龙山峡谷是中国西南山区约7000人的家园，由于海拔高，这座山每年有半年被积雪覆盖，将乡村隔绝在贫困和简陋的条件下。
Different from the usual way of poverty alleviation, government staff are planning to build the mountainous area into a scenic tourist hotspot.
与通常的扶贫方式不同，政府工作人员正计划将山区建设成风景优美的旅游热点。
Since the government built two new houses for him – one for his family and the other for tourists, Pu Guangrong felt that his life had hope again. Like others in the region, he used to make a living by collecting wild fruits and hunting. He didn’t even know what tourism was, but poverty alleviation workers changed all this.
自从政府为他建造了两栋新房子——一栋是为他的家人建造的，另一栋是为游客建造的，浦光荣感觉自己的生活又有了希望。和该地区的其他人一样，他过去靠采集野果和打猎来维持生计，他甚至不知道旅游业是什么概念，但扶贫工作者改变了这一切。
Today, his village is connected to the outside world through a new tunnel, attracting tourists, broadening their horizons and bringing economic recovery.
如今，他的村庄通过一条新隧道与外部世界相连，吸引了游客，拓宽了他们的视野，带来了经济复苏。
There is a Chinese proverb that “it is better to teach people to fish than to teach people to fish”.
中国有句谚语说：“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”就是这个道理。
But targeted poverty alleviation is more than that. The Chinese government will move people living in areas with no development value to areas with low cost of living. For the ecological protection areas that are not allowed to be developed, the government will arrange forest rangers and afforestation. Therefore, while people have jobs, the environment will be protected.
但有针对性的扶贫不止于此。中国政府将为那些生活在没有开发价值的地区的人迁往便宜生活的地区。对于不允许开发的生态保护区，政府将安排护林员和植树造林，因此，在人们有工作的同时，环境将得到保护。
Over the past five years, the Chinese government has invested 19.1 billion yuan in poverty alleviation and granted 283.3 billion yuan in microcredit to the poor.
在过去五年里，中国政府在扶贫方面投入了1961亿元人民币，并向贫困人口发放了2833亿元小额贷款。
All positive results reflect the government’s efforts and investment in poverty alleviation. Government officials are encouraged to do their best to implement poverty alleviation projects. In order to prevent counterfeiting, the CPC Central Committee has established a strict inspection system, allowing provinces to supervise each other, and all data also need to be verified by a third party.
所有积极成果都反映了政府在扶贫方面的努力和投资。鼓励政府官员尽最大努力实施扶贫项目，为了防止假冒，中共中央建立了严格的检查制度，允许各省相互监督，同时所有数据也需要第三方验证。
Kim Hu Nai, director of the Asia Pacific Division of the International Fund for agricultural development, praised China. “This poverty alleviation policy based on accountability assessment is very effective. The more you invest, the more support you get from the government. Therefore, local governments feel encouraged while under pressure.”
国际农业发展基金亚太分部主任金·胡奈，他称赞中国，“这项基于问责评估的扶贫政策非常有效。你投入得越多，你从政府那里得到的支持就越多。因此，地方政府在承受压力的同时也感到鼓舞。”
As the Huffington Post said, “if we learn from the experience of the past 15 years, the next development goal can be to create another Chinese story. It can be said that this will bring mankind to the door of ending extreme poverty forever.”
正如《赫芬顿邮报》所说，“如果我们从过去十五年的经验中吸取教训，下一个发展目标可以是创造另一个中国故事，可以说，这将把人类带到永远结束极端贫困的门口。”
网友维斯特的回答
The Nobel Peace Prize is just a joke. Eradicating poverty is obviously not so important in western capitalist society, because they are not in line with Western values, and people will not win the Nobel Peace Prize.
诺贝尔和平奖不过是个玩笑，消除贫困这些东西在西方资本主义社会显然不那么重要，因为它们不符合西方价值观，人们也不会因此获得诺贝尔和平奖。
China is helping people in the third world live better, saving them from hunger and bringing them jobs and new technologies. I think their “thank you” is more valuable than the Nobel Peace Prize. Compared with the first question, I think the second one is more valuable. Next, I will briefly talk about China’s history of poverty alleviation in recent 30 years.
中国正在帮助第三世界的人们生活得更好，拯救他们免于饥饿，为他们带来工作和新技术。我认为他们的“谢谢”比诺贝尔和平奖更有价值。相比于第一个问题，我觉得第二个更有价值，下边我会简略说一下中国近三十年的扶贫历史。
In the early stage of reform in the 1980s, large-scale government planning projects, market characteristics and participatory economic growth helped to improve China’s per capita income and reduce poverty. However, China’s progress in poverty reduction did not last in the second half of the 1980s and the early 1990s. In 1988, the number of poor people in rural areas briefly increased from 96 million to 102 million.
在20世纪80年代改革初期，大规模的政府规划项目以及市场特征和参与式经济增长有助于提高中国的人均收入和减少贫困。然而，中国在减贫方面的进展在20世纪80年代后半期和90年代初没有持续。1988年，农村贫困人口曾从9600万人短暂增加到1.02亿人。
Since the 1990s, the labor and social security reform process of employment in state-owned enterprises and urban private sector has led to the unemployment of millions of workers and the poverty of tens of thousands of urban families due to unemployment. In the second half of the 1990s, the situation began to deteriorate, and people were worried that it would be regarded as “new urban poverty”, partly due to the tide of rural-urban migration and partly due to mass unemployment.
自20世纪90年代以来，国有企业和城市私营部门就业的劳动和社会保障改革进程导致数百万工人失业，数万城市家庭因失业而陷入贫困。20世纪90年代后半期，情况开始恶化，人们担心这被视为“新的城市贫困”，部分原因是农村向城市的移民潮，部分原因是大规模失业。
But in the long run, the Chinese government has been able to control and reduce rural poverty through economic reform and various rural development plans, many of which are a continuation of the work begun in the early 1980s. Next, I will introduce China’s poverty alleviation work in stages.
但从长远来看，中国政府已经能够通过经济改革和各种农村发展计划来控制和减少农村贫困，其中许多是20世纪80年代初开始的工作的延续。下面我会分阶段介绍中国的扶贫工作。
Phase I (1994-2000):
第一阶段（1994年至2000年）：
Before 1997, poverty alleviation funds were allocated only through the central government. After 1997, provincial and other local governments have played a greater role, and provincial governments have assumed more overall responsibility for poverty alleviation, especially in rural areas. The two most important plans launched during this period are the “August 7th” poverty alleviation plan.
1997年之前，扶贫资金只通过中央政府分配。1997年后，省级和其他地方政府发挥了更大的作用，省级政府承担了更多的扶贫总体责任，尤其是在农村地区。在此期间推出的两项最重要的计划是：“八七”扶贫计划。
From 1994 to 2000, China formulated and implemented the “August 7th” poverty alleviation plan. Its strategic goal is to solve the problem of food and clothing for 80 million of the poorest people in seven years. For this group living in extreme poverty, the plan sets the following poverty alleviation standards:
从1994年到2000年，中国制定并实施了“八七”扶贫计划，其战略目标是用七年时间解决8000万最贫困贫困人口的温饱问题。对于生活在赤贫中的这一群体，该计划规定了以下扶贫标准：
1. Ensure that the per capita annual net income of the vast majority of poor families is more than 500 yuan (calculated at the constant price in 1990);
1.确保绝大多数贫困家庭人均年纯收入在500元以上（按1990年不变价格计算）；
2. Help poor households create stable basic conditions for solving the problem of food and clothing, and develop 0.5-1 mu of farmland with high and stable yield per capita; Each household develops 1 mu of fruit trees or other tree species, or 1 mu of cash crops; Each household transfers one labor force to township enterprises or developed areas, and each household develops a fish and chicken farming or other household sideline.
2.帮助贫困户为解决温饱问题创造稳定的基本条件，开发人均高产稳产的0.5-1亩农田；每户发展1亩果树或其他树种，或1亩经济作物；每户向乡镇企业或发达地区转移一名劳动力，每户发展一个养鱼养鸡或其他家庭副业。
The analysis shows that the “August 7th” plan contributes to China’s poverty reduction and contributes to the social and economic development of poor areas in China. Between 1994 and 2000, food and agricultural production and net household income in officially designated “poor” counties increased above average.
分析表明，“八七”计划有助于中国的减贫，并为中国贫困地区的社会和经济发展做出了贡献。在1994年至2000年期间，官方指定的“贫困”县的粮食和农业生产以及家庭净收入的增长高于平均水平。
The agricultural GDP growth rate of officially designated “poor” counties is 7.5%, while the national average is 7%. The per capita net income of households increased from 648 yuan to 1337 yuan, with an average annual growth of 12.8%, 2 percentage points higher than the national average.
官方指定的“贫困”县的农业GDP增长率为7.5%，而全国平均水平为7%。家庭人均纯收入从648元增加到1337元，年均增长12.8%，高于全国平均水平2个百分点。
Chinese officials reported that since the launch of the project, the proportion of people living below the national poverty line had fallen to 58 million by the beginning of 1997.
中国官方报道称，自该项目启动以来，到1997年初，生活在国家贫困线以下的人口比例降至5800万。
Phase II (2001 and beyond):
第二阶段（2001年及以后）：
In 2001, the central government changed the way of fund allocation from a project-based system to a system based on a series of poverty measurement indicators. These indicators include the number of poor people, the annual per capita net income of farmers, the local financial situation and the need for policy adjustment.
2001年，中央政府改变了资金分配方式，从基于项目的体系转变为基于一系列贫困衡量指标的体系。这些指标包括贫困人口数量、农民年人均纯收入、当地财政状况以及政策调整的必要性。
It must be remembered that since the early 1980s, poverty alleviation funds have been an important part of China’s poverty alleviation work.
必须记住，自20世纪80年代初以来，扶贫资金一直是中国扶贫工作的重要组成部分。
Poverty alleviation funds include funds allocated at central and local levels, different categories and through different government agencies. The central government’s poverty alleviation funds include the following five types of funds:
扶贫资金包括中央和地方各级、不同类别、通过不同政府机构拨付的资金。中央政府的扶贫资金包括以下五类资金：
(1) Development Fund;
（1） 发展基金；
(2) Food for work fund;
（2） 以工换粮基金；
(3) National minority development fund;
（3） 少数民族发展基金；
(4) Funds for poor state-owned farms and forest farms;
（4） 贫困国有农场和林场资金；
(5) Interest subsidy for discounted loans. These funds are managed by relevant management institutions.
（5） 贴现贷款的利息补贴。这些资金由各相关管理机构管理。
2001 was also a year when the Chinese government transformed its flagship poverty alleviation project into a new poverty-stricken village public investment project based on participatory village planning. Since 1986, previous investment projects have been targeting poverty-stricken counties.
2001年也是中国政府将其主要扶贫项目转变为基于参与式村庄规划的新贫困村公共投资项目的一年，自1986年以来，之前的投资项目一直以贫困县为目标。
There are at least two reasons why China’s poor village investment projects are different:
中国贫困村投资项目之所以与众不同，至少有两个原因：
First of all, in terms of scale, China’s poverty alleviation project is undoubtedly one of the largest poverty alleviation projects in the world. About 140 million people, accounting for 15% of the rural population, live in officially designated poor villages.
首先，就规模而言，中国扶贫项目无疑是世界上最大的扶贫项目之一。大约1.4亿人，占农村人口的15%，生活在官方指定的贫困村庄。
Secondly, China’s poverty alleviation project is one of the few community development projects initiated and managed by developing country governments rather than international donors.
其次，中国扶贫项目是少数几个由发展中国家政府而非国际捐助者发起和管理的社区发展项目之一。
