扒车喵印度网友经常通过媒体经常看到关于中国的新闻，对中国日新月异的发展感到惊异，这一切在他们看来是那样的不真实，于是他在海外知名问答网站Quora上提问道：中国是如何在21世纪变得如此强大的？该问题引起各国网友热议，美国政治学家兰斯•钱伯斯对中印发展情况非常熟悉，专门发文回答了他的问题。
问题：中国是如何在21世纪突然变得如此强大的？
美国政治学家兰斯•钱伯斯的回答
China, the word means “the central kingdom”. Since Qin Shihuang unified the six countries in 221 BC, this land is a great country with the Han nationality as the main body and multi-ethnic solidarity. China is the whole world to them. China is the central kingdom and the center of the human world. Its emperor is the “son of heaven”. The world is “round and round”. The north and West are bounded by mountains, the East and South are separated by the sea, and there is only desolation and barbarism in the distance. For example, during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, they regarded a tribe in the northwest as a foreign invasion for a long time and called it “ghost square”.
中国，这个词的意思是“中央王国”，自公元前221年秦始皇统一六国以来，这片土地就是以汉民族为主体，多民族休戚与共的伟大国家。中国对他们来说就是整个世界，中国是中央王国，是人类世界的中心，其皇帝是“天子”，这个世界“天圆地方”，北面和西面以山脉为界，东面和南面以大海相隔，远方只有荒凉和野蛮。比如，商周时期，他们长期视西北方的一个部落为外患，称之为“鬼方”。
Over the past two thousand years, this land has experienced the change of 16 dynasties. Until the 18th century, the world was invaded by advanced and aggressive Western powers with their superior weapons and unshakable belief in progress.
两千年来，这片土地经历了十六个朝代的更迭，直到十八世纪，这个世界被先进而富有侵略性的西方列强以其优越的武器和对进步的不可动摇的信念入侵。
During the Qing Dynasty, Western powers invested and built factories in China, and the goods on the market had the word “foreign”. For example, iron nails are called “external nails” (foreign nails) Kerosene is called “foreign oil” Cement is called “foreign ash” (foreign ash) This kind of candle is called “foreign wax” Cigarettes are called “foreign smoke” (foreign smoke), matches are called “foreign fire” (foreign fire) But this kind of opening to the outside world is completely dumping. How can children compete with adults in the same arena.
清朝时期，西方列强在中国投资建厂，市场上的商品都有“洋”字。例如铁钉被称为“外钉”(洋钉). 煤油被称为“外国石油”(洋油). 水泥被称为“外来灰”(洋灰). 这种蜡烛被称为“外国蜡”(洋蜡). 香烟被称为“外国烟”(洋烟), 火柴被称为“外来火”(洋火)…但这种对外开放完全是倾销，儿童怎能在同一竞技场上与成人竞争。
清末景象
The Qing Dynasty was an agricultural country. There was no competition between industrial products and Western products, which was unequal commercial competition. If this situation continues, China will become the dumping place of industrial products and technologies, the supply place of raw materials and the investment place of surplus capital in western developed countries, just like India.
清朝是一个农业国家，没有工业产品与西方产品竞争，这是不平等的商业竞争。如果这种情况继续下去，中国将成为西方发达国家工业产品和技术的倾销地、原材料供应地和剩余资本的投资地，就像印度一样。
In the dream of “Heavenly Kingdom”, there is an unfair duel between the East and the West. Karl Marx once commented on him: “a carefully preserved mummy in a sealed coffin.” After more than a century of disastrous devastation, this giant finally rose again. It has the ability to compete with the West and its eastern rivals Japan and South Korea. In the 21st century, people began to call it “China’s century”. People have witnessed China’s return to the center of the world again, and his world has no borders.
在“天朝上国”的美梦中，东方和西方进行的是一场不公平的对决。卡尔·马克思曾这样评价他：“一具放在密封的棺材中，精心保存的木乃伊。”经过一个多世纪灾难性的蹂躏，这个巨人终于再次崛起，它有能力与西方以及自己的东方对手日本和韩国竞争，21世纪，人们开始称它为“中国的世纪”，人们见证了中国再次回到世界的中央，而且他的世界已经没有了边界。
Chinese people have been driven to greatness, which has a lot to do with his cultural tradition and survival philosophy.
中国人一直被驱使着走向伟大，这与他的文化传统和生存哲学有很大关系。
But I believe that most of the credit is due to the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The founding of new China has enabled the Chinese people to stand up and laid a foundation for China’s future. Although some policies suffered a certain degree of failure at the beginning, there is no doubt that his reunification of China has made the country strong and flexible.
但我相信，这其中大部分功劳都归于中国共产党的领导。新中国的成立让中国人民站了起来，为中国的未来奠定了基础。虽然开始某些政策是遭遇了一定程度的失败，但毫无疑问，他所实现的中国统一使这个国家变得强大而富有弹性。
In 1978, taking history as a mirror, China’s leadership began a comprehensive reform to completely change China in order to adapt to the world development trend. China has adopted the principle of free market, absorbed the elements of the western system, and given people unprecedented fullness and deregulation from spirit to material.
1978年，中国以史为鉴，领导层为适应世界发展潮流，开始了彻底改变中国的全面改革。中国采用了自由市场原则，吸收了西方体制的元素，从精神到物质，给予了人们以前所未有的充盈与松绑。
Once China opened up to large-scale foreign direct investment, its industrial and economic engine began to operate actively and become an economic giant. With the support of nearly 1 billion people and a strong centralized government, China focuses on economic growth. With the support of strong executive power, the government has formulated excellent policies and implemented them with amazing agility and efficiency.
一旦中国向大规模外国直接投资开放，它的工业和经济引擎就开始活跃运转起来，并成为一个经济巨人。在近10亿人口和强大的中央集权政府的支持下，中国专注于经济增长。在强大的执行力的加持下，政府制定了出色的政策，并以惊人的敏捷和效率执行这些政策。
After China joined the WTO in 2001, China’s economic growth accelerated. In 2014, China surpassed the United States and will never look back.
2001年中国加入WTO后，中国经济增长加快。2014年，中国购买力平价GDP总量超越美国，从此不再回头。
Modern China is the continuation of the oldest and continuous civilized country in the world more than 4000 years ago. The century long humiliation from 1839 to 1949 is only an abnormal phenomenon, and China is recovering its former glory.
现代中国是4000多年前世界上最古老、持续不断的文明国家的延续。1839年至1949年间的百年屈辱仅仅是一种反常现象，中国正在恢复昔日的荣光。
There is an old saying in China: “do not break, do not stand”, which means that you must get rid of backward factors in order to establish advanced and brand-new things. Countries or civilizations like China and India have existed for too long. Their ancient glory has long disappeared. When the Western powers rise, they are old, sick, rotten and dying. Their old bodies do not work in the new era. They need fresh blood to survive.
中国有句老话：“不破不立”，这意味着你必须破除落后的因素，才能建立起先进的、全新的东西。像中国和印度这样的国家或文明，他们存在得太久了，他们古老的荣耀早已消失，当西方列强崛起时，他们已经老了，生病了，腐烂了，奄奄一息，他们的旧身体在新时代不起作用，他们需要新鲜血液才能生存。
Emperors, nobles or higher castes, landlords, these people are vested interests. These people are greedy and weak. They control the country but refuse to change. Through fire and blood, China completely destroyed itself from outside to inside. From the Westernization Movement and the reform movement of 1898 to the revolution of 1911 and the new culture movement, she paid a price, lost almost everything and almost destroyed her ancient culture. However, China has been reborn on the ruins and is still young and healthy. Once India tried to save itself and bought a new dress called “democracy” from the west, but it was still old. Greedy and enterprising nobles and landlords still existed. India was still trapped by these parasites and thousands of years of tradition and culture.
皇帝、贵族或更高种姓、地主，这些人都是既得利益者，这些人贪婪而软弱，他们控制着这个国家，却拒绝改变。中国通过火和血，从外到内彻底摧毁了自己，从洋务运动、戊戌变法，到辛亥革命、新文化运动，她付出了代价，几乎失去了一切，几乎摧毁了自己的古老文化。然而中国在废墟上重生了，现在依旧年轻健康。曾经印度也试图拯救自己，向西方买了一件名为“民主”的新衣服，但里面还是旧的，贪婪而不思进取的贵族和地主依旧存在，印度仍被这些寄生虫以及数千年的传统和文化所困。
Compared with India’s dilemma, how did China achieve it?
与印度的困局相比，中国是怎么实现的呢？
His advantage is that the national technical force does not need cooperation cost, and the limited capital and human resources can be used intensively. On the basis of the close combination of industry, University and research, he makes a centralized breakthrough, reduces the cost of mutual learning, and realizes the rapid maturity and growth of the research team.
他的优势在于国家技术力量无需合作成本，有限的资金和人力资源可以集中使用，在产学研紧密结合的基础上集中突破，降低了相互学习的成本，实现了研究团队的快速成熟和成长。
科研项目
Today, India’s problem is that it not only lags behind, but also completely loses the driving force to catch up with the “short-sighted” vision of market rules. There is a huge gap between India’s technical strength and capital and Western countries. Adhering to blindly copying the western technological development route will inevitably have adverse consequences.
今天印度的问题是，不仅落后，而且完全失去了在市场规则的“短视”愿景中追赶的动力，印度的技术实力和资金与西方国家之间存在巨大差距，坚持盲目照搬西方的技术发展路线,必然会产生不良后果。
Therefore, after the founding of the people’s Republic of China, it first practiced its internal skills. Unless it has the strength to compete with western industrial products, it will not open to the outside world. When it opened to the outside world in the 1980s, it already had the strength to compete with western industrial products. In this case, all industrial products of the national economy and the people’s livelihood did not let foreign capital get involved.
因此,中华人民共和国成立后,首先练好了内功,除非有实力与西方工业产品竞争,否则就不会对外开放。1980年年代对外开放时，已经具备了与西方工业产品竞争的实力，就在这种情况下，国计民生的所有工业产品也没让外资染指。
At the same time, in 1985, Japan became the second largest economy in the world. The United States imposed slight sanctions on Japan, and Japan surrendered immediately. Why? Because Japan’s industrial system is completely controlled by western countries.
同时期，1985年，日本成为世界第二大经济体。美国对日本进行了轻微制裁，日本立即投降。为什么？因为日本的工业体系完全被西方国家控制。
So is South Korea. South Korea’s top ten chaebols look good, but in fact they are controlled by American capital. If the Dutch lithography machine and Japanese photoresist are out of stock, Samsung chip will stop production immediately.
韩国也是如此。韩国前十大财阀看起来不错，但实际上它们是由美国资本控制的。如果荷兰的光刻机和日本的光刻胶缺货，三星芯片将立即停止生产。
Look at China. Nearly four years have passed since the Sino US trade war. China’s economy is getting stronger and stronger. What about America? It is already out of strength and declining.
看看中国。中美贸易战已经过去了近4年。中国的经济越来越强大。美国呢？已然力不从心，正在衰落。
Why do China, Japan and South Korea have different endings? Because China has established a complete and independent industrial system in the era of beginning.
为什么中国、日本和韩国会有不同的结局？因为中国在建国初期已经建立了一个完整的、独立的工业体系。
特斯拉超级工厂
China is not afraid of competition. The purpose of opening to the outside world is to introduce competition. Foreign investment and OEM production account for only a small part of China’s industry. For China, foreign investment is only the icing on the cake, not the key. Foreign investment is only the “catfish” introduced in the “catfish effect”. The “catfish” can keep the market alive and keep the enterprise and market dynamic without stagnation. The introduction of Tesla is a clear example.
中国不怕竞争，对外开放的目的就是引入竞争，外国投资和代工生产只占中国工业的一小部分。对中国来说，外国投资只是锦上添花，而不是关键。外资只是“鲶鱼效应”中引入的“鲶鱼”，”鲶鱼”可以让市场活下去,让企业和市场保持活力,不至于停滞不前，特斯拉的引入就是一个鲜明的例子。
