扒车喵在电影《长津湖》中，重现了当年志愿军战士抗击联合国军的残酷场景，为全体中国人上了生动的一课，但在美国，这场战争鲜有人提及，相应的电影作品也寥寥无几，于是在海外问答网站Quora上，有关问题被频频涉及，有美国网友提问道：在朝鲜战争中，为什么中国可以战胜武装到牙齿的美国？这个问题引起了网友们的热议，美国著名军事史专家更是专门撰文做出了解答。
问题：朝鲜战争中中国为什么可以战胜武装到牙齿的美国？
美国军事专家基思•吉拉德的回答
“We will wipe out the Chinese army in three weeks…” General MacArthur, 1950.
“我们将在三周内消灭中国军队……”麦克阿瑟将军，1950年。
“If the Americans cross the 38th parallel, the people’s volunteers will participate in the war. Now the American army is trying to cross the 38th parallel and expand the war. If they do, we will not sit idly by and we will be forced to intervene.” Premier Zhou Enlai, October 3, 1950.
“如果美国人越过三八线，人民志愿军就会参战。现在美国军队正试图越过三八线，扩大战争，如果他们真的这样做，我们不会坐视不管，我们将被迫干预。”周恩来总理，1950年10月3日。
“I am the first American general to sign the negotiation document without victory.” General mark Wayne Clark.
“我是第一个在没有取得胜利的谈判文件上签字的美军将领。”马克·韦恩·克拉克将军。
The above three famous words of senior Chinese and American officials respectively correspond to the beginning and end of the Korean War.
以上三位中美官方高层的名言分别对应了朝鲜战争的开端和结局。
July 27 is a special day in modern Chinese history. On this day in 1953, the United States [on behalf of the United Nations Command] and North Korea [on behalf of the Korean people’s Army (kPa) and the Chinese people’s Volunteer Army (CPV)] signed the Korean Armistice Agreement. Since then, the dust of the first and largest hot war during the cold war has settled.
7月27日是中国近代史上一个特殊的日子。1953年的这一天，美国[代表联合国指挥部]和朝鲜[代表朝鲜人民军（KPA）和中国人民志愿军（CPV）]签署了《朝鲜停战协定》。自此，冷战期间第一次也是规模最大的一次热战尘埃落定。
In the Korean War 65 years ago, How did the poorly equipped Chinese people’s Volunteer Army (CPV) defeat the most technologically advanced and militarily powerful country on the planet What about (the United States)? You know, in 1950, China was poor, weak and waiting for prosperity. The GDP of the United States was as high as 280 billion US dollars, while China was only 10 billion US dollars. The steel production of the United States was 87 million tons, while China could only produce 600000 tons of steel every year. When the war broke out in 1950, China could not even produce a tank.
65年前的朝鲜战争中，装备简陋的中国人民志愿军（CPV）是如何打败这个星球上技术最先进、军事实力最强的国家（美国）的呢？要知道，在1950年，中国积贫积弱，百废待兴，美国的GDP高达2800亿美元，而中国只有100亿美元。美国的钢铁产量为8700万吨，而中国每年只能生产60万吨钢铁。1950年战争爆发时，中国甚至连一辆坦克都生产不了。
So how did they achieve this miracle under extreme conditions?
那么他们是怎样在极端条件下实现这一奇迹的呢？
1. Morale and determination to drive the aggressors out of the border between China and North Korea. Before the Chinese volunteers crossed the Yalu River to resist the American invasion, the Korean army was powerless in the face of the powerful American army. The Korean communist regime was in danger, and the United Nations army pushed forward to the border with China. In 1949, China had just recovered from the humiliation of a hundred years under the rule of foreign powers, and it was impossible for the aggressors to set foot on the territory.
1.将侵略者赶出中国与朝鲜边境的士气和决心。在中国志愿军跨过鸭绿江抵抗美国侵略之前，朝鲜军队面对实力强劲的美国军队根本无能为力，朝共政权危如累卵，联合国军势如破竹，一直推进到与中国的边界。而1949年，中国刚刚从外国列强统治下的百年屈辱中恢复，不可能再让侵略者踏足领土半步。
2. Although China had previously made tentative attacks on the march route of the United Nations army, MacArthur arrogantly assured his soldiers that there was nothing to worry about these “miscellaneous troops”, which made the U.S. military formation relax the marching order and always easily fall into the siege of ambush. Chinese scouts are also good at sneaking into the depths of the joint defense line disguised as Korean soldiers to capture targets for Chinese artillery to attack dense heavy armor. At the operational level, the volunteers took advantage of the United States’ dependence on air surveillance. They moved only at night and had only light infantry. It was easy to maintain camouflage during the day.
2. 尽管此前中国曾对联合国军进军线路进行过试探性攻击，但麦克阿瑟还是傲慢地向他的士兵保证，对这些“杂牌部队”没有什么可担心的，这使得美军编队放松了行军顺序，总是轻易陷入埋伏中的包围圈。中国侦察兵还擅长伪装成韩国士兵潜入联合国防线深处，为中国炮兵捕获目标，以打击密集的重型装甲。在作战层面，志愿军利用了美国对空中监视的依赖，他们只在夜间移动，而且只有轻步兵，白天很容易保持伪装。
雪地行军
3. Superior and flexible flanking tactics enable the volunteer forces to cut off the armored columns of the main United Nations forces and then destroy the tank forces after their supply lines are cut off. The volunteers make every effort to keep the secret before the raid until the battle is launched. Fighting the enemy at such a close distance means high risk, and artillery and air / armor support will not be able to intervene without friendly fire. The Soviet Union who fought in Stalingrad used this method to fight with Germans with guns, backpacks, shovel, flamethrowers and knives.
3.优越灵活的侧翼战术，使志愿军部队能够切断主要联合国军的装甲纵队，然后在其补给线被切断后消灭坦克部队。志愿军尽一切努力保持突袭前的隐秘，直到发起战斗，在如此近的距离内与敌人交战意味着高风险，炮兵、空中/装甲支援将无法在没有友军火力的情况下进行干预。在斯大林格勒作战的苏联人曾依靠这种方法，用枪、背包、铁锹、火焰喷射器和刀近身与德国人作战。
4. I hold a negative attitude towards many people’s view that the Soviet Union’s provision of T-34 tanks and other heavy equipment assistance is the key to the victory of the volunteer army. in fact, Most of the T-34 tanks provided by the Soviet Union to North Korea were replaced by the advanced armored forces of the United States immediately after the United Nations landed in Incheon (for example, M4A3 Sherman medium tank) was destroyed, and M26 heavy tank, British centurion, Churchill and Cromwell tanks were involved. After the Korean army launched an attack, the use of tanks by the Chinese people’s volunteers in the Korean War was almost zero. There was no large-scale tank war during the Korean War. It was the tenacious fighting will of the volunteers that controlled the direction of the final war, rather than It’s weapons.
4.对于很多人认为的苏联提供T-34坦克等重型装备援助是志愿军获胜关键的观点，我持否定态度。事实上，苏联向朝鲜提供的T-34坦克中的大多数在联合国军于仁川登陆后第一时间就被美国的高级装甲部队（如M4A3谢尔曼中型坦克）摧毁，M26重型坦克，以及英国百夫长、丘吉尔和克伦威尔坦克都参与其中。在朝鲜军队发起攻击后，朝鲜战争中中国人民志愿军对坦克的使用几乎为零，期间没有发生大规模的坦克战，是志愿军坚韧的作战意志在左右最终战争的走向，而不是武器装备。
5. At that time, the strength of the Chinese and American air forces was seriously asymmetric, and the Soviet air force had to assist in combat. Many Soviet pilots have experienced the baptism of World War II and have rich combat experience. During the Korean War, the Soviet air force once formed the “64th air force” and stationed in Northeast China, using Anshan airport and Anton airport as bases to carry out combat missions against the United Nations. During the Korean War, China and North Korea captured more than 100 American pilots, In the air battle of the big fort, the Chinese pilot successfully shot down the plane driven by Harold Edward Fisher, the “double ace pilot” and “air hero” of the US Air Force with his exquisite driving skills and understanding of the terrain.
5. 当时中美空军实力严重不对称，苏联空军不得不协助作战。苏联许多飞行员经历过二次世界大战的洗礼，作战经验丰富，朝鲜战争期间，苏联空军曾经编成“第64航空队”、派驻中国东北部，以鞍山机场、安东机场作为基地，执行对联合国军的作战任务，朝鲜战争期间，中朝方面共俘虏了大约一百多名美国飞行员，在大堡空战中，中国驾驶员以其精湛的驾驶技术和对地形的了解成功击落了由美国空军“双料王牌驾驶员”、“空中英雄”哈罗德·爱德华·费席尔驾驶的飞机。
志愿军空军
Many people once doubted the outcome of China’s victory. We can look at this objectively by analyzing whether the two sides have achieved the expected strategic objectives. For the United States, its goal is to overthrow the Communist regime in East Asia, expose the Soviet Union to the encirclement of the United States and its allies in the region, and unify the Korean Peninsula under Lee Seung Wan’s regime.
有不少人曾怀疑中国胜利的结果，我们可以通过分析双方是否达到了预期的战略目标来客观地看待这一点。对美国来说，其目标是推翻东亚地区的共产主义政权，在该区域将苏联暴露于美国及其盟友的包围圈内，将朝鲜半岛统一在李承晚政权之下。
General MacArthur, the supreme commander of the United States, said that by Christmas 1950, the whole of North Korea would be conquered. Surprisingly, they failed. Despite the deployment of one-third of the U.S. Army, half of the U.S. Navy and one-fifth of the U.S. Air Force on the Korean battlefield, the Chinese volunteers pushed them back to the 38th line.
美国最高指挥官麦克阿瑟将军说，到1950年圣诞节，整个朝鲜都将被征服，出人意料的是，他们失败了，尽管在朝鲜战场上部署了三分之一的美国陆军，一半的美国海军和五分之一的美国空军，但中国志愿军还是把他们推回了三八线。
For China, this is the first time in a century that the Chinese army has kept foreign aggressors out of the country and achieved the goal of creating a buffer and negotiation by pushing the United Nations back to the 38th parallel. The United States failed to achieve its ultimate goal, but China did. By breaking the isolation of the United States and strengthening China’s international status and voice, China was able to get rid of the poverty of millions of people, gain breathing space for the development of nuclear bombs, ballistic missiles and satellites, and form a substantive deterrent to the cold war superpower, Pave the way for decades of peaceful development and reconstruction of the Chinese nation. Therefore, we can objectively say that this is not only China’s victory, but also the failure of the United States.
对中国来说，这是百年来中国军队第一次将外国侵略者御敌于国门之外，并实现了通过将联合国军推回三八线来创造缓冲和谈判的目标。美国未能实现其最终目标，而中国却实现了，通过打破美国的孤立，增强了中国的国际地位和话语权，才有了后续让中国摆脱了数百万人的贫困，并获得了发展核弹、弹道导弹和卫星的喘息空间，对冷战超级大国形成实质性的威慑，为中华民族数十年的和平发展和重建铺平道路，因此，我们可以客观地说，这是中国的胜利，也是美国的失败。
So why did the world’s number one power, the United States, gather dozens of allies to participate in the war?
那么世界头号强国美国纠集了数十个盟国参战为什么会输呢？
The first is that the United States fought a war with a wrong opponent. This is because the Chinese are convinced that they entered the DPRK to prevent the invasion of the United States and to avoid igniting war on China’s borders and even within China. After all, Japan learned the lesson before the Second World War. Japan first occupied Taiwan and then invaded China, China Taiwan to China’s northern provinces, and then formed a clamp on the South and then pushed south to other parts of China.
首先就是美国和一个错误的对手打了一场不该打的战争。这是因为中国人确信他们入朝作战是为了防止美国的入侵，避免在中国边境甚至境内燃起战火。毕竟教训在前，第二次世界大战期间，日本就是先占领台湾，然后入侵朝鲜，从中国台湾到中国北部省份，形成钳夹之势，然后向南推进到中国其他地区。
In 1950, the United States seemed to be repeating the same mistake – First Taiwan, then supporting South Korea to attack North Korea. In the early stage of the war against the DPRK, the United States sent a note to China saying that it would not cross the 38th parallel, and then the United States broke its promise. Then it said it would not cross the 40 degree north latitude line, and then the U.S. military sped up. Later, it said it would stop 40 miles from the Yalu River and bomb the Yalu River. At that time, China was convinced that the real goal of the United States was China, and China had to fight in order to protect its country.
1950年，美国似乎在重蹈覆辙——先是台湾，然后是扶植韩国北击朝鲜。对朝作战前期，美国曾照会中国，称它不会越过三八线，然后美国食言。然后它说它不会穿过北纬40度线，然后美军疾驰而上。后来它又说它将在鸭绿江40英里外停下来，然后轰炸到了鸭绿江边。那时，中国已然确信美国的真正目标是中国，而中国为了保家卫国不得不参战。
Secondly, it is the human factor. China’s generals command the battle on the front line, while MacArthur sits firmly at the Diaoyutai in Japan. After the first encounter in the Anshan campaign, the Chinese analyzed the war situation and realized that the Americans knew little about the terrain of North Korea, which was the Achilles heel of the U.S. Army and Marine Corps.
其次，是人的因素。中国的将军们在前线指挥作战，麦克阿瑟却在日本稳坐钓鱼台。在安山战役第一次遭遇战后，中国人分析了战况，意识到美国人对朝鲜地形知之甚少，这正是美国陆军和海军陆战队的阿喀琉斯之踵。
被俘虏的美军
American military historians bluntly said that after the war, senior US military officials said that the Chinese army always “disappeared in the mountains out of thin air”. Well, such a large number of troops will indeed disappear, especially when you are sitting in another country on the other side of the ocean! The Chinese army, which was composed of soldiers with ejection guns, dud grenades, crude radios and even barefoot running, succeeded in encircling and capturing a large number of US troops in subsequent battles. It has to be said that the US generals took great credit.
美国军事历史学家曾直言不讳地说，战争结束后，美军高层称中国军队总是“凭空消失在山中”。嗯，这样数量庞大的军队确实会消失，特别是当你坐在大洋彼岸的另一个国家休养度假的时候！拿着弹射枪、哑火手榴弹和简陋的收音机，甚至赤足奔跑的士兵组成的中国军队竟然成功地在随后的数次战斗中包围和俘虏了大量美军，不得不说美国将领居功至伟。
