扒车喵在海外知名问答网站Quora上，一位印度网友提问道：印度离中国这么近，为什么印度这么发达中国却如此贫穷和落后？各国网友对这个问题感到不可思议，可笑之极，纷纷下场回答，一位印度专栏作家古普塔曾在中国定居，对这个问题感到好笑，撰文回答了他的问题。
问题：中国距离印度这么近，为什么印度这么发达中国却如此贫穷和落后？
印度作家坦內•古普塔的回答
I think the problem can only be established by changing the positions of the two countries, It is ironic to compare a regressive third world country with backward infrastructure, high unemployment rate, one third of the population living in extreme poverty and single digit economic growth rate with a rapidly developing China.
我觉得将两个国家的位置对调一下这个问题才会成立，毕竟将一个基础设施落后、失业率高企、三分之一人口生活在赤贫中、经济增长率一直保持在个位数的第三世界倒退国家与一个高速发展的中国相比，是一种讽刺。
China is a modern country founded and built by visionary leaders, and its development speed exceeds that of any major economy in modern history.
中国是由富有远见卓识的领导人开创和建设的现代化国家，其发展速度超过了现代历史上任何一个主要经济体。
China is a realist, pragmatic and innovative, while India is a delusion, living in a dream woven by politicians and the media. India has never engaged in any breakthrough and revolutionary cause, only fabricating and boasting.
中国是现实主义者，务实创新，而印度是妄想者，生活在政客和媒体编织的梦里。印度从未试图开创任何具有突破性和革命性的事业，只会编造和吹嘘。
Apart from macroeconomic factors, the Indian authorities are also good at tricking, often playing word games, using the economic growth rate to take credit at home and become famous internationally.
撇开宏观经济因素不谈，印度当局也是长袖善舞，经常玩文字游戏，用经济增长率向国内邀功，对国际扬名。
Even with the highest growth rate of 8%, India will only increase by US $240 billion a year, while China’s moderate growth rate of 6% can increase GDP by 6% (based on US $15 trillion), up to US $900 billion a year. Even with the exceptionally high growth rate of 3%, the United States will only increase by US $620 billion. There is no doubt that China and the United States are the engine and locomotive of world economic development.
印度即使以最高8%的增长率，每年也只增加2400亿美元，而中国以6%的温和增长率，每年可为GDP增加6%（以15万亿美元为基准），可达9000亿美元，即使美国以3%的异常高的增长率也只增加6200亿美元。毫无疑问，中美才是世界经济发展的引擎和火车头。
This is not to say that the growth rate is meaningless. An important prerequisite for assessing a country’s economic development and quality is that the country’s GDP base cannot be ignored. As long as this gap remains, India will not be able to catch up, and the gap will only grow over time.
并不是说增长率毫无意义，评估一个国家的经济发展和质量，一个重要的前提是不能忽视这个国家的GDP基数。只要这一差距仍然存在，印度就无法迎头赶上，而且随着时间的推移，差距只会越来越大。
China has maintained double-digit GDP growth for decades after the reform and opening up and market liberalization. On the other hand, India’s efforts to maintain single-digit positive growth have been very difficult. Even if China suddenly stops growth, India will need 15 years to surpass China at an average growth rate of 12%, which is basically impossible for India’s current economic development.
中国在改革开放实现市场自由化后的几十年里一直保持着两位数的GDP增长。另一方面，印度努力保持一位数的正增长却已经非常吃力，即使中国突然停止增长，印度也需要15年的时间以12%的平均增长率才能超过中国，而这一增长速度对印度当前经济发展状况来说基本不可能。
Exports – China has not lost the battle with the United States in trade, but exports to the United States have increased against the trend under the ban. Now it has surpassed the United States as the world’s largest exporter, and its high-end electronic products, telecommunications equipment and high-tech products are popular all over the world.
出口——中国在与美国的贸易对垒中未落下风，禁令之下对美出口反而逆势增长。现在他已经超过美国成为世界上最大的出口国，制造的高端电子产品、电信设备和高科技产品风靡全球。
India’s main export market position is losing to countries such as Bangladesh and Vietnam – their exports have surpassed India.
印度的主要出口市场地位正在输给孟加拉国和越南等国——它们的出口已经超过了印度。
Industrialization – the scale of China’s industrialization is beyond the imagination of ordinary Indians. China’s steel and cement output exceeds the sum of the five countries behind it. With the support of a large amount of steel and cement, you can imagine the level of infrastructure development there.
工业化——中国工业化的规模是一般印度人无法想象的。中国的钢铁和水泥产量超过了其身后五个国家的总和，在巨量钢筋水泥的加持下，你可以想象那里的基础设施发展水平。
Although India is in third place, its output is much lower, although its population is the same and its demand for infrastructure is the same.
印度虽然位于第三位，产量却要低得多，尽管其人口数量相同，对基础设施的需求也相同。
China’s military strength is already the second largest military power after the United States. Although its nuclear arsenal is far less than that of Russia, its conventional weapons and military expenditure are much higher than that of Russia, which will be embarrassing compared with India.
中国的军事实力已经是仅次于美国的第二大军事强国，尽管核武库远远不及俄罗斯，可常规武器和军费支出却要比俄罗斯高出一截，与印度相比会令人尴尬。
Research investment – China has invested a lot of money in economic system reform and modernization research. It is in a leading position in the world in the fields of telecommunications and artificial intelligence. The competition for the dominance of artificial intelligence will be launched between the United States and China, while India is far away if it wants to compete with it.
科研投资——中国在经济体制改革和现代化研究方面投入了大量资金，它在电信和人工智能领域都处于世界领先地位，人工智能霸主地位的竞争将在美国和中国之间展开，而印度如果想与之比肩则遥遥无期。
China’s investment in scientific research is almost equal to that of major western countries, while India wastes too many resources in religion and so-called spiritual culture.
中国在科研领域的投入几乎与主要的西方国家不相上下，而印度，却在宗教和所谓灵性文化上浪费了太多资源。
Infrastructure – the United States has the largest flight coverage in the world and good connectivity throughout the country; China has the densest high-speed railway network in the world and is rapidly catching up with the United States in air transportation. India has neither. Its infrastructure is the worst of all major economies.
基础设施——美国拥有世界上最大的航班覆盖率，全国各地具备良好的连通性；中国拥有世界上最稠密的高速铁路网，在空中交通方面正迅速赶上美国，印度两者都没有，它的基础设施是所有主要经济体中最差的。
In the United States, small towns with a resident population of less than 25000 have special airports to provide travel services. On the other hand, India has a large population, and there are even no airports of sufficient scale in big cities such as Mumbai.
在美国，居住人口不到25000的小城镇就有专门的机场提供出行服务，而另一方面，印度人口众多，在孟买等大城市，甚至没有足够规模的机场。
In China, you can take the high-speed rail from Beijing to Shanghai in less than 6 hours, with a mileage of 1500 kilometers. Mumbai Delhi has no such developed transportation route, which is very shameful.
在中国，你可以在不到6小时的时间内乘坐高铁从北京到上海，行驶里程达1500公里，孟买-德里就没有这样发达的交通路线，这是非常可耻的。
Telecommunications – so far, China and the West have achieved 5g coverage, but India’s network does not seem to exist. The next competition for telecommunications hegemony is still between China and the United States, and India can only wait and see.
电信——到目前为止，中国和西方已经实现了5G覆盖，而印度的网络似乎并不存在，下一场争夺电信霸权的竞争仍是在中国和美国之间，印度只能远远观望。
Core technology – China has initially mastered the aircraft engine manufacturing technology, has a powerful national defense armament manufacturer, and produces cutting-edge fighters, frigates and aircraft carriers.
核心技术——中国已经初步掌握了飞机发动机制造技术，拥有强大的国防军备制造商，生产尖端战斗机、护卫舰和航空母舰。
India is 10-15 years behind China and the United States. COMAC is moving forward to challenge the duopoly of Airbus Boeing. I don’t see Indian companies in this field.
印度比中国、美国落后10-15年，中国商飞正在向前迈进，挑战空客-波音（Airbus-Boeing）的双头垄断，在这一领域，我没有看到印度公司的身影。
Foreign direct investment and new energy – China is still the second largest beneficiary of foreign investment, and India has not entered the top five. A few years ago, Tesla chose China instead of India for its overseas debut. There is a reason: China focuses on the vast power grid covering the whole country. They also have rich infrastructure and can build charging stations in the whole city.
外国直接投资和新能源——中国仍然是外国投资的第二大受益者，印度都没有进入前五名。几年前，特斯拉在海外首次亮相时选择了中国而不是印度，这是有原因的：中国将重点放在覆盖全国的广阔电网上，他们还拥有丰富的基础设施，可以在整个城市建立充电站。
India’s cities are overcrowded and the poor have no place to live. India’s power grid cannot meet the power needs of most households. On the other hand, China has overproduction. In most parts of India, including metropolis, power failure is still the norm, and stable power supply is a distant dream.
印度城市人满为患，穷人无立锥之地。印度电网无法满足多数家庭的电力需求，另一方面，中国却生产过剩。在印度大部分地区，包括大都市，停电仍然是常态，稳定的电力供应都还是一个遥远的梦想。
Disaster management – ways and means of responding to epidemics is a good indicator of its capacity. In the face of the same population, facing the sudden virus, China not only avoided the collapse of its medical system, but also successfully tracked and checked the spread of New Coronavirus.
灾害管理——应对流行病的方式方法是验证其能力的一个很好的指标。在人口数量大致相同的情况下，面对突如其来的病毒，中国不仅避免了其医疗系统的彻底崩溃，而且还成功地追踪并遏制了新型冠状病毒的传播。
India, on the contrary, has failed to protect its citizens through mismanagement, complacency and abdication of responsibility. Population size is not an excuse. In this country, people always talk about how to compete with China, but from their current situation, it is obvious that they can’t.
印度则完全相反，其管理不善、自满和放弃责任未能保护本国公民。人口规模不是借口。在这个国家人们总是谈论着该如何与中国竞争，但从他们目前的情况来看，显然他们还不行。
Social progress – China has always been progressive. It banned the backward practice of arranged marriage since the 1900s, which India is actively encouraging. Most Chinese are atheists, but in India, loyalty to religion is above all else.
社会进步——中国一直是进步的。它禁止了20世纪以来包办婚姻的落后做法，而印度却在积极鼓励这种行为。大多数中国人是无神论者，但在印度，对宗教的忠诚高于一切。
A country can make rapid progress only under the condition of broader social consensus. This change and trend has never and will never happen in India.
一个国家只有在拥有最广泛的社会共识的条件下才能快速进步，这种变化和趋势在印度从未发生过，也永远不会发生。
India is full of supranationalists dissatisfied with culture and religion. Politicians use this weakness to cater to their voting orientation, use populist and religious rhetoric to retain power, and ignore any national and urgent development.
印度充满了对文化和宗教不满的超民族主义者，政客们利用这一弱点迎合他们的投票取向，利用民粹主义和宗教辞令保留权力，同时忽视任何有利于国家而又紧迫的发展。
China is now becoming a strong competitor to the United States. It is the only country in the West and the world that is regarded as a potential superpower together with the United States. Beijing is rapidly surpassing Washington in key areas, while India is not even close to half of China. Everyone knows this except India.
中国现在正在成为美国的有力竞争者。它是西方和全世界唯一一个与美国一起被视为潜在超级大国的国家，北京正在关键领域迅速超越华盛顿，而印度甚至还没有接近中国一半，除了印度，所有人都知道这一点。
What is our current direction? I have lived in India for about 40 years. I have lived in China for more than two years since 1996. Today’s India is the same as China in 1979, but in India, we still have no helmsman in charge of the compass.
我们现在的方向是什么？我在印度生活了大约四十年，自1996年开始在中国生活了两年多，今天的印度和1979年的中国一样，但在印度，我们仍然没有执掌罗盘的舵手。
China’s development is so successful because it focuses on more people, not fewer rich people. In India, the government and parliament still pay more attention to the latter.
中国的发展之所以如此成功，是因为它关注的是更多的人，而不是更少的富人，在印度，政府和议会更看重的仍然是后者。
On the day when the life of Indian farmers began to improve, people who had to travel like animals began to get better and better on the crowded local trains in Mumbai, and Indians of different castes began to care for each other, Instead of pretending that we are superior to other Indians (I mean Hyderabad police station and tranghana government officials) – I would say that day that we might catch up with China.
在印度农民生活开始改善的那一天，在孟买拥挤的火车上，不得不像动物一样出行的人出门开始变得越来越便捷，不同种姓的印度人开始互相关心，而不是假装我们比其他印度人优越（我指的是海得拉巴警察局和特兰加纳政府官员）——那天我会说，我们有可能赶上中国。
Just search the skyline of Chinese cities on Google to see what Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Chengdu and Xiamen look like. This is considered a “normal level” in more than 100 cities in China, and no city in India can match it.
只需在谷歌上搜索一下中国城市的天际线，就可以看到上海、深圳、天津、成都、厦门是什么样子，而这在中国的一百多个城市被认为是“正常水平”，印度没有一个城市可与之媲美。
Look at their roads and public transport construction, as well as their public schools. This is the real meaning of development, not limited to launching rockets, missiles, stock exchanges, GDP and hundreds of super rich people in the two countries.
看看他们的道路和公共交通建设，以及他们的公立学校，这才是发展的真正意义之所在，而不是局限于发射火箭、导弹、证券交易所、GDP和数百名超级富豪和他们财富的数字。
Every day I spend in China is very comfortable. Whenever I thank them for everything they have done, I can’t help saying to myself, “I hope my country is the same, because I know that my people deserve to do so and have the ability to do so. I hope that one day my people will feel that they deserve better treatment – the people here, including those who are not in the eyes of the Indian government.”
我在中国度过的每一天都很舒适，每当感谢他们所做的一切时，我不禁对自己说：“我希望我的国家也是这样，因为我知道我的人民值得这样做，也有能力这样做。我希望有一天我的人民会觉得他们应该得到更好的待遇——这里的人民包括印度政府不放在眼中的人民。”
