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印度网友问:印度制造和中国制造哪个好?

中国产品行销印度市场,而且物美价廉,深受消费者喜爱,有印度网友在海外问答平台Quora上提问道:为什么印度制造的商品不能像中国制造的那样物美价廉?一位印度企业家认为造成这种差距的原因是多方面,深层次的,从政府政策到社会文化都有涉及,他专门撰文回答了这一问题。

印度网友问:为何印度制造的商品不能像中国制造的那样物美价廉?

问题:为什么印度制造的商品不能像中国制造那样物美价廉?

印度网友问:为何印度制造的商品不能像中国制造的那样物美价廉?

印度企业家巴拉吉的回答

The products produced and sold in China are much cheaper than most countries in the world, not just India. Under its complete industrialization and large-scale production system, low cost and high output have become very significant advantages of made in China, and there are many places worth learning from and learning from India.

中国生产和销售的产品比世界上绝大多数国家都要便宜得多,而不仅仅是印度,在其完备的工业化和规模化生产体系下,低成本、高产量成为中国制造非常显著的优势,其中有许多值得印度借鉴和学习的地方。

“Manufacturing is one of the most difficult industries in business. It may be a hundred times more difficult than design and finance, but it is indispensable,” elonmusk said

埃隆马斯克说:“制造业是商业界最为艰难的行业之一,它可能比设计、金融等困难百倍,却又不可或缺。”

A few months ago, I met an entrepreneur engaged in the construction of “smart city” in Liaoning Province of China. He said that if we choose to start a business here and build an artificial intelligence center, the government can provide us with a number of preferential policies, including three-year house rent reduction, 2% low interest loans and low-cost electricity.

几个月前,我在中国的辽宁省,遇到了一位从事“智慧城市”建设的企业家,他说,如果我们选择在这创业,建设人工智能中心,政府可以为我们提供多项优惠政策,包括3年的房屋租金减免,2%的低息贷款和廉价电力优惠。

The Chinese government believes that industrialization is not only important for improving its international competitiveness, but also for realizing large-scale employment. Therefore, local governments are not only trying to attract large companies, but also introducing small and medium-sized enterprises.

中国政府相信工业化不仅对提升自身的国际竞争力干系重大,对实现大规模就业也至关重要,因此各地方政府不仅在努力吸引大公司,也在引进中小企业落地兴业。

In contrast, the general attitude of the Indian public towards industrialization is often negative. The bureaucratic system prevaricates and moves slowly. Politicians don’t care about the settlement of enterprises, and ordinary people are more hostile to the rich. They think that industrialists have made a lot of money and should levy high taxes on them. The rest are indifferent.

相比之下,印度公众对工业化的普遍态度往往是负面的。官僚系统推诿扯皮,行动迟缓,政客们对企业落户不以为意,普通民众则多有仇富心理。他们认为实业家赚了不少钱,应该对他们征收高额税款,其余的,全都漠不关心。

Therefore, it is much more difficult to set up factories in India, and the bank loan interest rate is surprisingly high. Land prices near big cities have skyrocketed and infrastructure is very poor. Therefore, industrialists cannot take full advantage of India’s lower wages to achieve large-scale production.

因此,在印度开办工厂要困难得多,而且银行贷款利率也高得出奇。大城市附近的土地价格已经暴涨,基础设施也非常糟糕,因此,实业家无法充分利用印度较低的工资优势来实现大规模生产。

印度网友问:为何印度制造的商品不能像中国制造的那样物美价廉?

印度工厂

Indians often complain that India’s innovation rate is too low and that the market is full of goods made in China, while India makes very little. To achieve real industrialized production in India, industrialization must be given the highest priority in national policy-making. Compared with agriculture and other sectors, the affairs of the industrial sector should be a priority.

印度人经常抱怨印度的创新率太低,抱怨市场上充斥着中国制造的商品,而印度制造的东西却少之又少。要想在印度实现真正的工业化生产,必须把工业化放在国家政策制定的最优先位置,与农业和其他部门相比,工业部门的事务应该成为优先事项。

Business environment: establishing an industry in India is a nightmare. At the level of government management, an enterprise will encounter many neck strangling problems, from policy restrictions to high taxes or no subsidies. On the other hand, China is enthusiastically embracing enterprises from all over the world and providing countless subsidies and preferential policies.

营商环境:在印度建立一个产业简直是一场噩梦,在政府管理层面,一个企业会遇到许多卡脖子的问题,从政策限制到高额税收,或者没有补贴,麻烦一个接一个。另一方面,中国正在热情地拥抱来自全世界的企业,并提供无数的补贴和优惠政策。

After China made up its mind to attract Tesla to build factories in China, he did not hesitate to modify rules and policies to welcome Tesla, creating a high-quality business environment for such enterprises; When Tesla was on the verge of bankruptcy, the U.S. advanced technology automobile manufacturing loan program provided $465 million for Tesla. Could this happen in India?

在中国下定决心吸引特斯拉来华建厂后,他不惜修改规则和政策来欢迎特斯拉,为这类企业营造了优质的营商环境;当特斯拉濒临破产时,美国的先进技术汽车制造业贷款计划为特斯拉提供了4.65亿美元支持,这些在印度有可能发生吗?

印度网友问:为何印度制造的商品不能像中国制造的那样物美价廉?

中国工厂工人巡检

FDI (foreign direct investment): in the first decade of this century, China received about 20% of all FDI from developing countries. India has made slow progress in attracting foreign direct investment. Although this situation has been improving since 2015 and Narendra modi has focused on improving India’s foreign direct investment through “make in India”, it is still far from China and the United States.

FDI(外国直接投资):在本世纪的第一个十年中,中国获得了发展中国家全部FDI的20%左右。而印度在吸引外国直接投资方面进展缓慢。自2015年以来,虽然这一状况一直在改善,纳伦德拉·莫迪(Narendra Modi)将重点放在通过“印度制造”(Make in India)改善印度的外国直接投资上,但与中国和美国相比仍然相去甚远。

Infrastructure construction: unless the Indian government increases government expenditure to improve infrastructure, industrial development is impossible. Without continuous power and water supply throughout the year, industry cannot flourish. Without roads and railways connecting supply and demand, industry cannot supply goods at low prices.

基础设施建设:除非印度政府增加政府支出以改善基础设施,否则工业发展是不可能实现的。如果没有全年持续的电力和水供应,工业就无法蓬勃发展,如果没有公路、铁路连接供需,工业就无法以低廉的价格供应商品。

Skilled and high-quality labor force: India has a large number of migrant workers. There is too much cultural gap between them and the training cost is high. Modern industry needs highly skilled and high-quality operators, which is directly related to the productivity of enterprises. Productivity is the key factor for the success of the industry. In this regard, India is far less than China.

熟练且高素质的劳动力:印度有大量的移民工人,彼此之间文化隔阂太大,培训成本高企,而现代化工业需要高技能高素质的操作工人,这直接关系到企业的生产力,而生产力正是产业能否成功的关键因素,在这方面印度远不及中国。

Cost effective labor force: the statement that China is the lowest paid labor force in the world is not completely correct. It is inherently unsustainable to rely only on low wages to reduce production costs. In other countries, such as Sri Lanka and Vietnam, the labor wage is 30% lower than that in China, but the difference is the labor efficiency. In fact, China’s labor wage has been increasing at an annual rate of 15% in the past four years.

具有成本效益的劳动力:中国是世界上工资最低的劳动力的说法并不完全正确,只靠低工资来拉低生产成本本质上是不可持续的。其他一些国家,如斯里兰卡、越南,其劳动力工资比中国还要低30%,但造成差异的是劳动力的效率,事实上,在过去四年中,中国劳动力工资一直以每年15%的速度增长。

The growth of wages is synchronized with the improvement of productivity. China’s productivity growth is far higher than that of most other countries in the world. From 1990 to 2020, China’s average annual productivity growth rate was 2.8%, much higher than that of the United States and Japan (0.5% and 0.2% respectively).

工资的增长与生产率的提高是同步的,中国的生产率增长远远超过世界上大多数其他国家。从1990年到2020年,中国的年均生产率增长率为2.8%,远远高于美国和日本(分别为0.5%和0.2%)。

Have a complete supply chain: in many fields, China has the whole supply chain from raw materials to finished products, and the industrial agglomeration effect can effectively control costs. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into final products delivered to customers. China’s supply chain is complex and flexible. Its biggest advantage is that most of the raw materials (such as electronic components) required to manufacture specific products can be obtained in China.

拥有完整的供应链:在许多领域,中国拥有从原材料到成品的整个供应链,产业的聚集效应可以有效控制成本。供应链活动将自然资源、原材料和组件转化为交付给客户的最终成品,中国的供应链既复杂又灵活,其最大的优势在于在本国内就可获得制造特定产品所需的大部分原材料(如电子元件)。

This is almost impossible in India due to the weak and fragmented supply chain structure. India is one of the major drug producing countries in the world. However, most of the raw materials required for the production of these drugs – APIs (active drug ingredients) are imported rather than produced in India.

由于薄弱零散的供应链结构,这在印度几乎不可能实现。印度是世界上主要的药品生产国之一,然而,生产这些药物所需的原料——原料药(活性药物成分),绝大部分都是进口的,而不是在印度生产的。

The import share of raw material 70% is from China. So when New Coronavirus was raging, China’s manufacturers had to increase the export prices of these API. India manufacturers simply could not sell the finished products at a cheaper price.

原料药70%的进口份额来自中国,因此,当新型冠状病毒肆虐的时候,中国生产商不得不增加这些原料药的出口价格时,印度制造商根本无法以更便宜的价格出售成品——药品。

Competitive pricing: some products in China can afford such competitive pricing because they do not need to bear some costs, such as R & D and product innovation. Most of their manufacturing orders come from abroad, that is, they only need to manufacture products authorized by knowledge.

具有竞争力的定价:中国某些产品能够承受如此具有竞争力的定价,因为它不需要承担某些成本,如研发和产品创新,他们的制造订单大多来自国外,即只需要制造经过知识授权的产品。

After regulation, the RMB can be linked to the US dollar at a lower exchange rate. Therefore, the quotation in US dollar will be cheaper than the normal price, and the price of products will be maintained at a level far lower than the international average, so as to seize the international market.

经调控人民币可以较低汇率与美元挂钩,因此,以美元报价将比正常价格便宜,产品的价格维持在一个远低于国际平均数的水平,并以此抢占国际市场。

印度网友问:为何印度制造的商品不能像中国制造的那样物美价廉?

印度市场上的中国品牌

What does India need to do to catch up?

印度需要怎么做才能迎头赶上?

In short, encourage foreign direct investment, relax rules, encourage entrepreneurs to start businesses in India, push a disproportionate agricultural labor force to the manufacturing industry, train unskilled workers into skilled and high-quality workers, and improve infrastructure such as logistics, electricity and transportation.

简言之,印度政府需要鼓励外国直接投资,放宽规则,鼓励企业家在印度创业,将不成比例的农业劳动力推向制造业,将非熟练工人培训为熟练的高素质工人,改善物流、电力、交通等基础设施。

In addition to the above questions, I would like to talk about some other cultural problems observed by Chinese expatriates in India. They often complain and ridicule that Indians are giants of language and dwarfs of action. In Chinese culture, the concept of “result orientation” is completely missing in Indians.

除了以上问题外,我想说一些在印度的中国侨民观察到的其他文化问题。他们经常抱怨和嘲笑印度人是语言的巨人,行动的矮子,在中国文化中,“结果导向”的观念在印度人身上是完全缺失的。

The fundamental reason lies in the selfishness of Indians in personal affairs and the lack of an appropriate sense of civic responsibility to society. Foreigners point out that most Indians they meet do not really care about the welfare of the whole society. Although they yearn for the right to education, it is perfectly legal for Indians to ask their children to drop out of school at a very young age.

其根本原因在于印度人在个人事务中的自私和对社会缺乏适当的公民责任感。外籍人士指出,他们遇到的大多数印度人并不真正关心整个社会的福利。虽然他们渴望获得受教育的权利,但印度人要求他们的孩子在很小的时候辍学是完全合法的。

In China, sending children to school for education is not only the right but also the obligation to receive education. The corresponding relationship between rights and obligations is the general consensus of the Chinese people. For India, a country proud of the rule of law, people are used to such things, which deeply shocked the Chinese overseas Chinese.

而在中国,送孩子上学接受教育既是受教育的权利也是义务,权利义务的对应关系是中国民众的普遍共识。对于印度这样一个以法治为荣的国家来说,人们对这样的事情习以为常,让中国侨民深感震惊。

From 1952 to 1961, Chinese students from Guangdong, Fujian, Fujian and Shanghai flocked to Moscow to study engineering, civil engineering and electromechanical engineering, and strive to master the art of reverse engineering. After reform and opening up, they flocked to the United States. After learning, most of them can return to their motherland to help rebuild. They have been welcomed and valued by Chinese officials, Some extremely important industrial projects have been established, which has laid a solid foundation for China’s industrialization process.

中国学生——广东人、福建人、福建人、上海人——从1952年到1961年都涌向莫斯科学习工程、土木和机电,努力掌握了逆向工程的艺术,再到改革开放后涌向美国,学习后多数都能返回祖国帮助重建,他们受到了中国官方的欢迎和器重,创立了一些极为重要的工业项目,为中国的工业化进程打下了坚实的基础。

India, shrouded in the caste system, is completely different. Low caste but excellent students are deprived of the opportunity to receive a good education. These places are reserved for Brahmans and shatili. They can get good jobs without effort.

种姓制度笼罩下的印度则完全不同。低种姓却优秀的学生被剥夺了接受良好教育的机会,这些名额都留给了婆罗门和刹帝利,他们无需努力就可以得到好工作。

In the 1980s and 1990s, China and Israel were using the small amount of government money as study abroad funds to send their students abroad to study – we used the money to raise campaign funds for politicians, or to keep them to feed the impoverished people who increased by 60% in each generation, which led to students leaving India one after another, and most of them never wanted to come back.

八九十年代,中国和以色列在将政府不多的外汇作为留学基金把他们的学生送到国外学习——我们则用这些钱为政客们筹集竞选资金,或者留着养活每一代增加60%的赤贫者,这导致学生们纷纷离开印度,而他们中的大多数人自此再也不想回来了。

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文章名称:《印度网友问:印度制造和中国制造哪个好?》
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