扒车喵中国的扶贫事业受到世界瞩目，有印度网友在美国问答网站Quora上提问道：和中国相比，为什么印度总是这么差？这个问题引来各国网友的热议，从经济模式到制度差异，各国网友针对该问题撰文进行了专业的剖析和解答。
问题：和中国相比，为什么印度总是这么差？
美国学者克里斯•艾伯特的回答
India is a multi-cultural, multi religious, multi lingual and multi surname society. If all forces unite, they can help India achieve its great and brilliant achievements. If all forces confront each other, they may destroy the country.
印度是一个多文化、多宗教、多语言和多种姓组成的社会，如果各方力量联合起来，可以帮助印度实现其伟大而辉煌的成就，如果各方力量相互对抗，他们可能会摧毁这个国家。
Unfortunately, the biggest problem India is facing is the latter. Each political party, region and religion in India has its own interests. They are constantly fighting with each other in an attempt to maximize their own interests, rather than seeking the greatest common divisor for the broadest public interests.
不幸的是，印度正在面临的最大问题正是后者。印度每个政党、地域、宗教都有其自身的利益，彼此之间内斗不断，企图谋求自身利益的最大化，而不是为了最广泛的公众利益去寻求最大公约数。
Indians elect leaders according to the candidate’s caste, community and religion rather than whether they have the ability to govern the country.
印度人根据候选人的种姓、社区、宗教而不是是否具有治理国家的才能来选举领导人。
Once these politicians come to power, they will choose to cater to the voice of voters rather than the needs of the country, so as to please voters and maintain their personal support rate, so as to continue to win elections.
这些政客一旦上台掌权，在后续执政中，会选择迎合选民的呼声而不是国家的需要，并以此取悦选民，保持个人的支持率，从而不断赢得选举。
India’s leadership is pulling the country into the abyss. The struggle between different parties is like Tetris, fighting on the same issue, and then offsetting each other, resulting in zero results.
印度的领导层正在把这个国家拉入深渊，不同党派之间的斗争就像俄罗斯方块，在同一议题上对抗发力，然后相互抵消，导致结果为零。
Unlike India, China’s political system can avoid this internal friction to the greatest extent. Under the common vision, everyone is moving in the same direction, and the people’s strength is consistent, so their achievements are multiplied.
与印度不同，中国的政治体制可以最大程度地避免这种内耗，在共同的愿景下，每个人都朝着同一个方向前进，人民的力量是一致的，所以他们的成就是成倍的。
So China has built 30000 kilometers of high-speed railway, 190000 kilometers of expressway, the busiest port in the world, the most advanced factory, global leading enterprises such as Huawei and Xiaomi, large financial centers, subway trunk lines shuttling through major cities, etc. What do you think India is doing?
所以中国修建有30000公里的高速铁路，19万公里的高速公路，世界上最繁忙的港口，最先进的工厂，华为和小米等全球领先企业，大型金融中心，穿梭于主要城市的地铁干线等等，你看印度在做什么？
India is a colonial socialist hybrid country. Its operation is based on caste, tribe, religion, gender, geography, language and gender, and takes the high-level people stealing interests from the low-level people as the source and driving force.
印度是一个殖民—社会主义混合型国家，其运作以种姓、部落、宗教、性别、地理、语言、性别为基础，以高阶人群从底层人群窃取利益为来源和动力。
Its constitution has the characteristics of both British conservatism and communism, and uses it as a basis to distribute rather than create wealth.
它的宪法兼有英国保守主义和共产主义特色，并以此为依据来分配而不是创造财富。
What happened? In this poor country, the rich ruling class constantly parasitized and sucked blood, implemented the legal and judicial system of the 17th century, and struggled to survive in the twilight of means under the police and the government.
结果如何呢？这个贫穷国家，富有的统治阶级不断寄生和吸血，执行着17世纪的法律及司法制度，在警察和政府下作手段的暮色中挣扎求生。
Such atavistic government organs that govern disorderly are inefficient, incompetent, corrupt and irresponsible. Year after year, they become more and more bloated and the social productivity is becoming lower and lower.
这种返祖式政府机关的无序治理，效率低下、无能、腐败且不负责任，年复一年地变得越来越臃肿，社会生产力也愈渐低下。
China’s social structure is much healthier. Through the revolution, they eliminated all the unreasonable elements of the old era: warlords, landlords, compradors, capitalists, etc.
而中国的社会结构要健康得多，他们通过革命消除了旧时代的一切不合理要素：军阀、地主、买办、资本家等等。
They have a strong leading Party and resolutely seize the opportunity in the struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union, which constitutes the foundation of today’s China’s economy, technology, strength and prosperity.
他们有一个强大的领导政党，也在美苏争锋中果断抓住机遇，构成了今天中国经济、技术、实力和繁荣的基础。
It is for this reason that China is developing rapidly and gradually eliminating poverty, while India is still struggling with poverty, education, malnutrition and many other problems.
正是由于这个原因，中国正在高速发展，逐渐消除了贫困，而印度仍在与贫困、教育、营养不良和其他许多问题作斗争。
印度政府官员阿迪托亚•巴杰佩的回答
From the perspective of India’s economic system, India is more like a perfect socialist country with planned economy than China. India pursues market socialism. The public and private sectors coexist. Franchising, quotas and import substitution have greatly reduced the domestic economic growth rate.
从印度的经济体制看，印度比中国更像一个完美的计划经济的社会主义国家。印度奉行市场社会主义，公共部门和私营部门并存，特许经营、配额和进口替代国产大大降低了国内经济增长率。
From 1950 to 1990, India grew slowly at the rate of 3%. It was not until the LPG reform in 1991 that we turned to a free market economy. It was not until 1990 that we began to pay attention to exports, open all economic fields to private enterprises and fully tap the great potential of globalization.
从1950年到1990年，印度以3%的速度缓慢增长，直到1991年液化石油气改革，我们才转向自由市场经济，直到1990年，我们才开始关注出口，将各经济领域向私人企业开放，充分挖掘全球化的巨大潜力。
However, India’s biggest mistake is that it did not invest in human capital in those years. Even today, our spending on health and education is still lower than the size of our economy. Therefore, when China takes advantage of its huge demographic dividend, we have been far behind.
然而，印度最大的错误就是在那几年没有对人力资本进行投资，即使在今天，我们在卫生和教育方面的支出仍低于我们经济规模所应达到的水平。因此，当中国利用其庞大的人口红利时，我们已经被远远地落在后边了。
Under the market socialist system, India lacks incentives and accountability, and the efficiency of all sectors is bound to reach the bottom.
印度在市场社会主义体制下，缺乏激励和问责制，所有部门的效率都必然会触底。
As Dr. Singh once said, money does not grow from trees, but our successive governments have ignored this basic principle: the government needs to make money first and then spend a penny.
正如Singh博士曾说过，钱不是从树上长出来的，但我们历届政府都忽视了这一基本原理：即政府需要先赚钱，然后再花一分钱。
Under the control of all government resources, it has become normal for the ruling party to treat government funds as personal property.
在所有政府资源的支配下，执政党将政府资金视为个人财产已成为常态。
Due to the lack of check and balance mechanism, the ruling party squandered these funds wantonly, which put great pressure on the national finance and deprived any government assistance to the rural economy, resulting in a significant reduction in self employment and traditional crafts in rural India.
由于没有制衡机制，执政党肆意挥霍这些资金，给国家财政造成了巨大压力，剥夺了农村经济的任何政府援助，导致印度农村的自营职业和传统工艺从业者大量减少。
More than two thirds of India’s population lives in rural areas, but the financial investment for farmers in infrastructure development has never exceeded 25%, which has had disastrous consequences, because rural India contributes more than 50% of the labor force, and agriculture plays an important role in the whole socio-economic structure.
印度有超过三分之二的人口生活在农村地区，但财政面向农民的用于发展基础设施的投资却从未超过25%，这造成了灾难性的后果，因为印度农村贡献了50%以上的劳动力，农业在整个社会经济结构中发挥着重要作用。
The agricultural sector used to be the main source of income in rural India, but the situation of the agricultural sector is also very bad. This main source of income is drying up, exposing the bottom people to poverty and exploitation.
农业部门曾经是印度农村的主要收入来源，但农业部门的状况也十分糟糕，这一主要收入来源正在枯竭，使底层人们面临贫困和剥削。
In the face of this situation, the government has never encouraged enterprises to invest in the agricultural sector, which hinders the promotion of new and improved technologies to improve agricultural productivity. Facts have proved that enterprise funds are very important to promote the development of traditional craftsmen and small-scale agricultural industries.
面对这一现状，政府从未鼓励企业投资农业部门，这阻碍了新技术和改良技术在用于提高农业生产率方面的推广，事实证明企业基金对促进传统工匠和农业小规模产业发展的支持非常重要。
In the Indian bureaucracy, poverty has always been regarded as an inevitable and incurable problem, but this is not a tragedy that mankind is destined to face. It is reflected in our way to solve this problem.
在印度的官僚体制中，贫困一直被视为不可避免和无法治愈的问题，但这不是人类注定要面对的悲剧，它反映在我们解决这一问题的方法中。
We have never given priority to infrastructure construction, so there have never been roads, electricity and medical services in rural areas. This is the fundamental flaw in our approach to poverty alleviation, that is, instead of making them self reliant, we emphasize free gifts and temporary assistance, which in turn makes poverty a cash cow for institutions. Therefore, the poor are poor because government agencies like to cultivate the poor.
我们从来没有优先考虑基础设施建设，所以农村地区从来没有公路、电力和医疗服务。这是我们扶贫方法的基本缺陷，即不是让他们自力更生，而是强调免费赠品和临时援助，这反过来使贫困成为各机构的摇钱树。因此，穷人之所以贫穷，是因为政府机构喜欢培养穷人。
If we had awakened earlier, we might have achieved some remarkable results and might have freed almost everyone from the poverty trap.
如果我们早一点觉醒，我们可能已经取得了一些显著的成果，并且可能已经把几乎所有人都从贫困陷阱中解脱了出来。
But because of our pseudo idealism, we lost the war to eradicate poverty.
但由于我们的伪理想主义，输掉了这场消除贫困的战争。
印度网友苏尼尔•沙玛的回答
For a period in the 1990s, the economic volume and model of India and China were very similar, but India was far behind due to China’s reform.
上世纪90年代有一段时期，印度和中国的经济体量和模式曾经非常相似，但由于中国的改革，便把印度远远甩在了身后。
China’s total exports amounted to US $2.5 trillion (mainly including manufacturing products); India exports 316 billion (mainly agricultural products).
中国的出口总额为2.5万亿美元（主要包括制造业产品）；印度出口3160亿美元（主要包括农产品）。
In China, the unemployment rate has been below 5% for a long time. India’s unemployment rate is 21% higher.
在中国，失业率长时期低于5%。而印度的失业率高达21%。
China is a very smart country, and we have to admit it. In the field of import and export trade, they mainly export manufactured products, and their price and cost advantages are very high. They have chosen the right development field and made great progress, because they know that it is impossible to get rich by relying on agriculture and other fields.
中国是一个很聪明的国家，我们不得不承认这一点。在进出口贸易领域，他们主要出口制成品，而且价格和成本优势极高，他们选择了正确的发展领域并取得了巨大的进步，因为他们知道依赖农业等领域致富根本不可能。
India must develop in many fields, such as the manufacturing industry where China is located. In India, more than 50% of the population depends on agriculture, and the employed population must be transferred to other industries.
印度必须进行多领域发展，如中国所在的制造业领域，在印度，超过50%的人口依赖农业，就业人口必须转移到其他产业上面。
India’s farmers are mainly from Uttar Pradesh, with the largest population of 21 million. In terms of economy, they are also the worst performing state, even if it has great development potential.
印度的农民主要来自北方邦，人口最多的有2100万，就经济而言，它们也是表现最差的邦，即使它有巨大的发展潜力。
A key issue facing the Indian economy is the sharp expansion of differences between different states and regions in terms of poverty, infrastructure availability and socio-economic development.
印度经济面临的一个关键问题是，在贫困、基础设施可用性和社会经济发展方面，印度不同邦和地区之间的差异急剧扩大。
Six low-income States – Assam, Chhattisgarh, Nagaland, Madhya Pradesh, odisha and Uttar Pradesh – account for more than one third of India’s population and are well below the national average in terms of income, literacy, life expectancy and living conditions.
六个低收入邦——阿萨姆、恰蒂斯加尔、纳加兰、中央邦、奥迪沙和北方邦——占据印度三分之一以上人口，他们在收入、识字率、预期寿命和生活条件方面远低于全国平均水平。
Many of these COVID-19 have suffered hitherto unknown long-term unemployment. The government must promote infrastructure in India, such as the recent Agra metro project, to create more job opportunities.
在这些新冠疫情中，许多人已经遭受了前所未有的长期失业，政府必须推动印度的基础设施建设，如最近的阿格拉地铁项目，以创造更多的就业机会。
Improving literacy is also very important for India’s development, but the government is irresponsible and has done nothing in this regard.
提高识字率对印度的发展也非常重要，但政府不负责任，在这方面毫无作为。
India’s private companies are more dynamic, and the government must support them so that they can expand and create more jobs. India has a large number of people, and their employment depends on private companies rather than government positions.
印度的私营公司更有活力，政府必须支持这些公司，以便这些公司能够扩大规模，创造更多就业机会。印度人数众多，他们的就业依赖于私营公司，而不是政府职位。
India must improve the quality of its goods in order to compete in the international market. India “must make it easier for external companies to invest in infrastructure and start attracting them.
印度必须提高商品质量，才能在国际市场上竞争，印度必须为外国公司营造良好的营商环境，吸引他们投资基础设施。
Corruption is also a major problem in India’s economic growth. Many people used to get jobs through bribery, which makes the quality of work in India very poor.
腐败也是印度经济增长中的一个主要问题，许多人过去通过行贿获得工作，这种风气使得印度的工作质量非常低劣。
If India is willing to do so, India can also lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.
如果印度愿意这样做，那么印度也可以让数以亿计的人口摆脱贫困。
China has made various efforts to improve itself and put itself into a better state, and India must do the same.
中国已经做了各种各样的努力来提升自己，使自己进入更好的状态，印度也必须这样做。
But the question is, is the Indian government and people willing and ready to make great efforts and sacrifices?
但问题是，印度政府和人民是否愿意并准备为此付出巨大努力和牺牲呢？
